Beyond the Washington consensus: what do we mean?

This paper underscores the need to overcome the fundamental problems of the "Washington Consensus" that have not been entirely solved in its recent reformulations calling for a "second generation of reforms." Such problems are its narrow view of macroeconomic stability; its disregard for the role that policy interventions in the productive sector can play in inducing investment and accelerating growth; its tendency to subordinate social policies to economic policies; and, finally, its tendency to forget that it is citizens who should choose what economic and social institutions they prefer. The examination of the frustrating experience of Latin America under structural reforms provides the empirical backdrop for the analysis.macroeconomic stability, Washington Consensus,

Estudio de la morfolog\ueda y aclimataci\uf3n de plantas de Laelia eyermaniana Rchb. f. generadas in vitro

A morphological study of plantlets of Laelia eyermaniana Rchb.f. cultured in vitro was carried out. Histologic preparations were made to observe different stages from seed germination until ex vitro acclimatization of plantlets. Photomicrographs showed various transitional stages. Seven relative stages of development were identified and described: seed, non-photosynthetic protocorm, photosynthetic protocorm, differentiated protocorm, plantlets with leafs, plantlets with leaves and roots, and plantlets with leaves and two roots, as well as two transitory phases: somatic embryogenic mass (SEM) and protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) obtained by indirect somatic embryogenesis. Stomatal leaf density doubled under ex vitro conditions. This study contributes to the knowledge of morphological development of L. eyermaniana during in vitro culture and ex vitro acclimatization.En este trabajo se hizo un seguimiento morfológico de plantas de Laelia eyermaniana Rchb. f. obtenidas in vitro. Se realizaron preparaciones histológicas para observar diferentes etapas, desde la germinación hasta la aclimatación ex vitro. Las fotomicrografías de las preparaciones mostraron varios estadios transitorios. Se identificaron y describieron siete estadios relativos de desarrollo: semilla, protocormo no fotosintético, protocormo fotosintético, protocormo en diferenciación, plántula con hojas, plántulas con hojas y raíz, plántula con hojas y dos raíces. Así como también, dos fases transitorias: masa embrionaria somática (MES) y cuerpos parecidos a protocormos (PLBs) por sus siglas en inglés, obtenidos por embriogénesis somática indirecta. La densidad estomática en las hojas se duplicó bajo condiciones ex vitro. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento del desarrollo morfológico de L. eyermaniana durante su cultivo in vitro y aclimatación ex vitro