Protokoli u klasifikaciji krezubosti

This paper shall discuss the importance of protocol application in modern dentistry. Literature data that include recommendations and consensuses in dental practice point out to their presence in available literature, printed papers, reviewed journals and supplements in the form of expert group conclusions. It should be noted that the protocols most commonly rely on valid postulates of different branches of medicine, supported by specific conditions of the environment in which they are implemented. Additionally, in our settings, applicable dentistry protocols are the result of requirements that institutions and practices should fulfill according to renewable accreditation, as well as following recommendations given in the good clinical practice guidelines with different binding obligations levels. Certain protocols offer therapeutic modalities categorized into classes intended to help users to select appropriate treatments. The second part of this paper shall address one such protocol which classifies partially edentulous patients. The emphasis is on the partial edentulism classification recommended by The American College of Prosthodontists (ACP), which relies on four diagnostic criteria essential for therapeutic decision. Edentulous areas location and extent, abutment teeth health, occlusion model, and residual ridge characteristics represent the parameters which have defined the four classes of partial edentulism of different complexity. In this way, comprehensive approach to the clinical status of the patients has, for the first time been offered to the dental practitioners assuring, among others, higher uniformity of professional attitudes in selection of therapeutic modalities.U radu se diskutuje o značaju primene protokola u savremenoj stomatologiji. Literaturni podaci koji obuhvataju preporuke i konsenzuse u stomatološkoj praksi govore o njihovoj prisutnosti u dostupnim knjigama, štampanim radovima u recenziranim časopisima, i dodacima časopisa kao zaključci ekspertskih grupa. Treba primetiti da su protokoli najčešće oslonjeni na validne postulate različitih medicinskih grana, pomognuti specifičnim uslovima sredine u koju se implementiraju. Dodatno, u našim uslovima, protokoli u stomatologiji su rezultat zahteva koje institucije i prakse moraju da ispunjavaju shodno obnovljivoj akreditaciji, kao i poštovanja preporuka koje su date u vodičima dobre kliničke prakse različitog nivoa obaveznosti. Pojedini protokoli nude terapijske modalitete koji se kategorizuju u klase, pomažući korisnicima u izboru pravog tretmana. O jednom od takvih protokola koji klasifikuje krezube pacijente govori drugi deo rada. Akcenat je na primeni klasifikacije krezubosti koju je preporučio Američki koledž protetičara, a koja se oslanja na četiri dijagnostička kriterijuma, bitna za terapijsku odluku. Lokalizacija i veličina bezubih polja, stanje zdravlja zuba nosača, model okluzije i karakteristike rezidualnog grebena su parametri koji su definisali četiri klase krezubosti različite složenosti. Tako je, prvi put, stomatološkoj praksi ponuđen ozbiljan, sveobuhvatni pristup kliničkom statusu bolesnika, koji obezbeđuje, između ostalog, i uniformnije stručne stavove u izboru terapijskih modaliteta

Etika i marketing u estetskoj stomatologiji

Contemporary dentistry is, first of all, characterized by diverse accelerated development, owing to improvements of information and other technologies, as well as the development of dental materials (shape-memory biomaterials, nanomaterials, biomaterials for application in tissue engineering, etc.). Expert doctrinaire attitudes move from the direction of operative interventions, whereby disease and acute symptoms are primarily treated, towards the strengthening of oral health by minimally invasive procedures. A particular place in patients’ total rehabilitation belongs to numerous esthetic procedures which, to a large extent, make up a wants-based service, led by the patients’ needs and affinities. This paper deals with differences between cosmetic and esthetic dentistry. The complexity of esthetic dentistry, which favors therapy with the change of function parameters in care for the patient, is emphasized. On the other hand, more attention is paid to the need to know and respect ethical and marketing principles that follow any activity of dentists, starting from the first contact with the patient, the selection of certified materials, to the implementation of the appropriate treatment plan. Well-directed communication and comprehensive awareness of the patient, the use of the visual analog scale, consideration of realistic resources in therapy, and the acceptance of de Bono model of adopted parallel thinking are determinants which help dentists define a problem adequately, find quality solutions, open alternative solutions, and reduce the potential risks in patients’ therapy.Današnju stomatologiju karakteriše ubrzani razvoj zahvaljujući unapređenju informacionih i drugih tehnologija, kao i razvoju dentalnih materijala (biomaterijali sa memorisanim oblikom, nanomaterijali, biomaterijali za primenu u tkivnom inženjeringu i dr.). Stručni doktrinarni stavovi kreću se iz pravca operativnih intervencija, kojima se primarno saniraju bolest i akutni simptomi, ka jačanju oralnog zdravlja malo invazivnim postupcima. Posebno mesto u sveukupnoj rehabilitaciji bolesnika pripada brojnim estetskim procedurama, koje u velikoj meri čine praksu vođenu potrebama i afi- nitetima bolesnika. U radu se diskutuje o razlikama u poimanju kozmetske i estetske stomatologije. Naglašena je složenost estetske stomatologije, koja daje prednost terapiji sa promenom funkcijskih parametara u zbrinjavanju bolesnika. S druge strane, akcenat se stavlja na potrebu poznavanja i poštovanja etičkih i marketinških načela koja prate svaku aktivnost lekara, počev od prvog kontakta sa bolesnikom, odabira sertifikovanog materijala do realizacije odgovarajućeg terapijskog plana. Dobro usmerena komunikacija i sveobuhvatna informisanost bolesnika, upotreba VAS skale, kao i sagledavanje realnih resursa u terapiji odrednice su koje pomažu stomatologu da definiše problem na pravi način, iznađe kvalitetna rešenja, otvori alternativne solucije i smanji moguće rizike u terapiji bolesnika

Uloga okluzije u nastanku temporomandibularnih disfunkcija

Introduction. The influence of occlusal condition at the onset of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) has been strongly debated for many years and still is the source of controversy. Up to the eighties in the last century, the occlusal factors such as the presence of uncured malocclusions, discrepancies between intercuspal position and retruded contact position greater than two millimeters, retrusive and nonworking side interferences and loss of posterior teeth were considered to be the primary causes of TMD. Objective. The aim of this study was to estimate the role of occlusal factor in the etiology of craniomandibular dysfunction and therapeutic effects of irreversible occlusal therapy (occlusal equilibration) in patients with TMD. Methods. In the investigation we studied a group of 200 men and women. The average age of the selected patients was between18 and 25 years. The purpose of TMD signs and symptoms was confirmed in every patient using a special functional analysis and evaluating the craniomandibular index (CMI) according to Fricton and Schiffman. The value of craniomandibular index was determined in the group of 15 patients with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. In the study groups occlusal equilibration (selective grinding) was performed according to Okeson using the central position of the mandible as the referent position in the occlusal therapy. The value of CMI was determined before and 30 days after occlusal equilibration. Results. The results of this study confirmed the significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of TMD after occlusal equilibration. The statistical elaboration of the differences between the values of CMI I (before treatment) and CMI II (30 days after treatment) revealed highly significant differences. The CMI I values in the group ranged between 0.076 and 0.346 with the mean value of 0.188±0.082.The values of CMI II ranged between 0.038 and 0.19 with the mean value of 0.038±0.053. Conclusion. The study conformed the validity of irreversible occlusal therapy (selective grinding) in patients with TMD.Uvod. Uloga okluzivnih disharmonija u nastanku temporo-mandibularnih disfunkcija (TMD) i dalje je pitanje u stručnoj literaturi i kliničkoj praksi koje ostaje bez odgovora. Do osamdesetih godina dvadesetog veka okluzivni faktori, kao što su određene malokluzije, razlike između retrudovanog kontaktnog položaja i interkuspalnog položaja veće od 2 mm, okluzivne smetnje (posebno mediotruzijske i retruzijske) i gubitak bočnih zuba, smatrali su se glavnim etiološkim faktorima u nastanku TMD. Cilj rada. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi uloga okluzivnih faktora u razvoju TMD i oceni uspeh primene ireverzibilne okluzivne terapije (selektivno brušenje) kod osoba sa TMD. Metode rada. U svrhu istraživanja pregledano je 200 osoba oba pola uzrasta 18-25 godina. Znaci i simptomi TMD su vrednovani na osnovu posebne funkcionalne analize i izraženi kraniomandibularnim indeksom (CMI) po Friktonu (Fricton) i Šifmanu (Schiffman). Na osnovu ovoga indeksa formirana je studijska grupa koju je činilo 15 ispitanika sa znacima i simptomima TMD. Kod njih je urađeno selektivno uklanjanje okluzivnih smetnji brušenjem prema metodi Oksona (Okeson) korišćenjem centralnog položaja kao referentnog položaja tokom okluzivne terapije. Vrednovanje CMI je ponovljeno trideset dana nakon okluzivnog uravnoteženja. Rezultati. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali značajno smanjenje znakova i simptoma TMD posle okluzivnog uravnoteženja. Statističkom analizom je utvrđeno da između vrednosti CMI pre lečenja (CMI I) i trideset dana kanije (CMI II) postoji statistički značajna razlika. Vrednost CMI I bila je između 0,076 i 0,0346, dok je srednja vrednost bila 0,188±0,082. Vrednost CMI II bila je između 0,038 i 0,19, a srednja vrednost 0,038±0,053. Zaključak. Ova studija je potvrdila značaj ireverzibilne okluzivne terapije (selektivno brušenje) kod osoba sa TMD

Korelacija stepena konverzije i količine oslobođenih supstanci iz dentalnih kompozitnih cemenata

This study examined the possible correlation between the degree of conversion (DC) and the amount of substances eluted from three commercial cured resin-based cements. The DC of the various resin-based cements was measured by Raman spectroscopy, while the quantity of unreacted monomers released from the cement matrix (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, TEGDMA, urethane dimethacrylate, UDMA, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, HEMA and bisphenol A) was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained results, after multiple statistical evaluation (one way ANOVA, LSD post hoc test), showed no significant differences in the DC values between the resin cements. On the contrary, the results of the HPLC analysis depicted statistically significant differences between the three materials with respect to the amount of leached monomers. In addition, no correlation between the DC and the amount of eluted substances from the tested cured composite cements was found.Rad istražuje moguću korelaciju stepena konverzije (DC) i količine oslobođenih monomernih supstanci iz tri komercijalna preparata kompozitnih dentalnih cemenata. Stepen konverzije kompozitnih cemenata određen je metodom Raman spektroskopije, dok je količina neizreagovalih i oslobođenih monomera iz cementnog matriksa detektovana pomoću HPLC metode. Rezultati dobijeni nakon višestruke statističke evaluacije (one way ANOVA, LSD past hoc test) ne pokazuju značajne razlike u stepenu konverzije različitih preparata kompozitnih cemenata. Nasuprot tome, rezultati HPLC analize beleže značajne razlike u količini i vrsti monomernih supstanci otpuštenih iz kompozitnih cemenata. Takođe, statistička analiza u okviru ove studije nije pokazala korelaciju stepena konverzije ispitivanih kompozitnih dentalnih cemenata i količine oslobođenih supstanci iz ovih materijala

Gingivni i dentalni parametri u proceni estetskih obeležja fiksnih nadoknada - I deo

This paper argues on importance of gingival and dental parameters in evaluation of esthetic characteristics of fixed restorations. Human beauty is a specific category which is not easy to define by means of any known criteria or with mathematic formula. But, it is also important for practitioners to take into consideration some objective rules determining what is really nice and appealing. In reconstructing the personal identity, it is essential to harmonize the esthetic features. In dental practice, this approach means to establish a close correlation among the facial, dental, gingival and physical components of orofacia! system. For the purpose of this study, the authors have divided the overview of esthetic principles into two parts. The first one deals with some objective parameters such as: gingival health, the zenith of gingival contour, the balance of gingival levels, relative tooth dimensions, the golden proportion of the teeth, the design of dental arch, interdental contact areas, interdental closure, the contour of incisal edge and the shape of interincisal angles. The esthetic integration of these parameters into a frame of smile and the whole face, as well as some subjective criteria are discussed in the second part of the paper.Dentalni i gingivni parametri imaju veliki značaj u proceni estetskih obeležja fiksnih nadoknada. Činjenica da je ljudska lepota kategorija koja se ne može apsolutno definisati ni brižljivo odabranim kriterijuma, ni matematičkim formulama ipak ne zatvara vrata razmišljanju da postoji nešto što se zove objektivno važenje, saglasnost o tome šta jeste, a šta nije lepo. U želji da se sačuva ili rekonstruiše identitet jedinke, usklađivanje estetskih obeležja je od ogromne važnosti. U stomatološkom radu ovo podrazumeva uspostavljanje bliske komunikacije između facijalnih, dentalnih, gingivnih i fizičkih komponenti orofacijalnog sistema. s obzirom na složenost aktuelne problematike, autori su podelili naznačenu temu na dva dela. Ovi komplementarni delovi se bave sveobuhvatnim razmatranjima velikog broja objektivnih i subjektivnih faktora koji determinišu validnost dentalne kompozicije rekonstruisane fiksnim nadoknadama

Privremeni cementi na bazi eugenola imaju antioksidativno dejstvo

Introduction Antioxidants protect against reactive oxygen species and expose beneficial anti-inflammatory activity when in contact with biological tissues. Dental materials that are used as temporary luting on fixed dental restorations are often in contact with injured gingival tissue, hence they should contain anti-inflammatory characteristics that are essential after prosthetic procedures preceding cementation of final restauration. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect through the oxidation inhibition (OI) of mixed dental cement for temporary luting or their liquid component. Methods Eight study groups were prepared each by ten samples: 1) ex tempore preparation of zinc-oxide eugenol paste (Kariofil Z Galenika, Serbia), 2) Viko Temp paste (Galenika, Serbia), 3) Temp Bond NE paste (Kerr, Germany), 4) ScutaBond (ESPE, Germany), 5) Cp-CAP paste (Germany, Lege Artis) and oil component of 6) Kariofil Z, 7) Viko Temp and 8) Cp-CAP. The samples were subjected to spectrophotometer to measure OI 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) using Randox kit, United Kingdom. The control samples were pure ascorbic acid (1% w/v). Results High values of OI exposed materials (groups 1, 5, 6, 7, 8) with content of eugenol (or its derivates) in the range of 100-88.8% were statistically more significant than the values of non-eugenol substances (groups 2, 3, 4) with the range of 8.2-43.5%. Conclusion Eugenol containing temporary fixation materials show significant antioxidative properties and therefore they may be used in those clinical situations where surrounding gingival tissue is injured during restorative procedure.Uvod Antioksidansi štite živa tkiva od reaktivnih kiseonikovih slobodnih radikala, čime ispoljavaju poželjno antiinflamatorno dejstvo u kontaktu sa živim tkivom. Stomatološki materijali koji služe za privremeno cementiranje protetičkih restauracija često su u kontaktu s lediranim tkivom gingive, pa stoga treba da poseduju poželjne antiinflamatorne osobine, vrlo bitne nakon protetičkih procedura koje prethode cementiranju fiksnih restauracija. Cilj rada Cilj ispitivanja je bio da se pomoću zabeleženih vrednosti inhibicije oksidacije (IO) utvrdi antioksidativni efekat nekoliko pripremljenih preparata za privremeno cementiranje i njihovih tečnih komponenata. Metode rada Po deset uzoraka je pripremljeno u osam eksperimentalnih grupa: 1) ex tempore zamešana cink-oksidna (ZnO) eugenol pasta (Kariofil Z Galenika, Srbija); 2) pasta Viko Temp (Galenika, Srbija); 3) pasta Temp Bond NE (Kerr, Nemačka); 4) pasta ScutaBond (ESPE, Nemačka); i 5) pasta Cp-CAP (Lege Artis, Nemačka); njihove tečne komponente: 6) ulje Kariofil Z; 7) ulje Viko Temp; i 8) ulje Cp-CAP. Uzorci su podvrgnuti spektrofotometru radi merenja vrednosti IO na ABTS primenom seta reagensa (Randox kit, Velika Britanija). Kontrolnu grupu su činili uzorci čiste askorbinske kiseline (1% w/v). Rezultati Visoke vrednosti IO ispoljili su uzorci u grupama eugenolnih materijala 1, 5, 6, 7 i 8 u rasponu od 88,8% do 100%, što je bilo statistički značajno u odnosu na niže vrednosti kod neeugenolnih materijala (raspon 8,2-43,5%) u grupama 2, 3 i 4. Zaključak Nije zabeležena statistička značajna razlika u vrednostima IO međusobnim poređenjem eugenolnih grupa (p>0,05). Poređenjem vrednosti IO između neeugenolnih grupa, samo je kod grupe 4 utvrđena statistički značajna razlika prema grupama 2 i 3 (p lt 0,01). Poređenjem uzoraka 2 i 3 zabeležena je statistički beznačajna razlika za vrednosti IO (p>0,05)

Uvod u verifikaciju instrumenta GOHAI za merenje oralnozdravstvenog kvaliteta života osoba sa zubnim nadoknadama primenom preliminarne srpske verzije - pilot studija

Background/Aim. Quality of life related to health should be seen as a multidimensional concept that, in addition to the physical symptoms associated with a disease and treatment, should include physical, psychological and social functioning of a person. The primary objective of this study was to use the Serbian preliminary version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) questionnaire in order to examine the consistency, reliability and stability, as well as an introduction to the verification tool. Methods. The GOHAI questionnaire with 6-level Likert scale, translated into Serbian, including the relevant oral health characteristics (oral hygiene, required dentures, number of teeth extracted), was filled by five specialists in prosthodontics for 30 randomly selected respondents, before and after the dental prosthetic treatment. Subsequently, in order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, 27 patients were reinterviewed. Results. The value of Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient (Crα) before the treatment was 0.878, and after the treatment it was 0.788 confirming the internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire. The validity of discriminatory properties of the GOHAI was confirmed by the Spearman's correlation coefficient (r), which was highly significantly associated with oral health characteristics, confirming the high reliability of the measurement. The results of test-retest analysis measured by the individual Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) were in the range of 0.34-0.97, and for the total score r was 0.927, while the Kappa coefficient was 0.63. The correlation analysis of the GOHAI score before the treatment showed that for 10 questions there was a statistically significant correlation of the score with the answers to the questions, and for 6 questions Spearman's r was ≥ 0.7. After the treatment a highly significant correlation of the GOHAI was shown with the answers to 10 questions, while for 5 questions the Spearman's r was > 0.6. The GOHAI average score before the treatment was 19.44 ± 11.12, and after the treatment 2.77 ± 3.83, where the lower value indicates better quality of life. Conclusion. The results of this pilot study confirm internal consistency and stability of the Serbian preliminary version of the GOHAI questionnaire and the causal relation between the quality of life and the characteristics of oral health of the patients with dentures. Accordingly, instrument verification is recommended.Uvod/Cilj. Kvalitet života u vezi sa zdravljem treba posmatrati kao multidimenzioni koncept koji, pored fizičkih simptoma vezanih za bolest i lečenje, treba da obuhvati i fizičko, psihičko i društveno funkcionisanje osobe. Primarni cilj studije bio je da se korišćenjem preliminarne srpske verzije upitnika Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) ispita konzistentnost, pouzdanost i stabilnost, kao uvod u verifikaciju instrumenta. Metode. GOHAI upitnik sa 6- stepenom Likertovom skalom, preveden na srpski jezik, koji je uključivao i oralnozdravstvene karakteristike (oralna higijena, potrebne zubne nadoknade, broj izvađenih zuba), popunjavan je od strane petoro specijalista stomatološke protetike za 30 slučajno izabranih ispitanika, pre i posle stomatoprotetskog lečenja. Naknadno, radi merenja pouzdanosti upitnika, ponovo je intervjuisano 27 ispitanika. Rezultati. Vrednost Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient (Crα pre lečenja bila je 0,878, a posle lečenja 0,788, čime su potvrđene interna konzistentnost i stabilnost upitnika. Valjanost diskriminatornog svojstva GOHAI potvrđena je vrednostima Spearmanovog koeficijenta korelacije (r), koji je značajan kada su u pitanju oralnozdravstvene karakteristike, čime je potvrđena valjanost merenja. Rezultati test-retest analize merene pojedinačnim Pearsonovim koeficijentom korelacije (r) bili su u rasponu 0,34-0,97, a za ukupan skor r je bio 0,927, dok je Kappa koeficijent bio 0,63. Korelaciona analiza GOHAI pre lečenja ukazala je da je za 10 pitanja postojala značajna povezanost skora sa odgovorima na pitanja, a za 6 Spearmanov r bio je ≥ 0,7. Posle lečenja utvrđena je značajna veza GOHAI sa odgovorima na 10 pitanja, a za 5 Spearmanov r bio je > 0.6. Prosek GOHAI skora pre lečenja bio je 19,44 ± 11,12, a posle lečenja 2,77 ± 3,83, gde manja vrednost ukazuje na bolji kvalitet života. Zaključak. Rezultati ovog pilot istraživanja potvrdili su internu konzistentnost i stabilnost preliminarne srpske verzije GOHAI upitnika, kao i kauzalnu vezu kvaliteta života sa karakteristikama oralnog zdravlja ispitanika sa zubnim nadoknadama, te se može preporučiti sprovođenje verifikacije instrumenta

The fourth industrial revolution's impact on dentistry

Uvod I najveći vizionari nisu mogli da pretpostave kojom brzinom će stomatološka struka i nauka prihvatiti koncept četvrte industrijske revolucije. Po obimu i složenosti ova transformacija je veća od svih do sada poznatih i u literaturi je opisana kao Dentistry 4.0. Digitalna revolucija je stomatologiji omogućila da gotovo sve kliničke i laboratorijske procedure mogu biti podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Cilj ovog rada je razumevanje uloge četvrte industrijske revolucije u stomatologiji. Metode Pretraživanje baze Medline izvršeno je putem baza podataka PubMed i Google Scholar za termine "četvrta industrijska revolucija", "digitalna stomatologija", "stomatologija 4.0", "CAD-CAM". Takođe su korišćene opcije "srodnih članaka" uz dodatno ručno pretraživanje preglednih članaka i relevantnih tekstova. Rezultati U radu su opisane najčešće dijagnostičke i terapijske procedure koje su podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Zaključak Sofisticirane tehnologije četvrte industrijske revolucije dovele su do brže i preciznije dijagnoze oralnih oboljenja. Kliničke procedure postaju jednostavnije, preciznije i predvidljivije za lekara, a komfornije za pacijenta. Dugoročno, tu su i ekonomske uštede i očuvanje životne sredine.Introduction Even the greatest visionaries could not have guessed at what speed the profession and science of dentistry would accept the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In terms of its scale and complexity, this transformation has been greater than any known before and it has been described in the literature as Dentistry 4.0. The digital revolution in dentistry has allowed for nearly all clinical and laboratory procedures to be supported by digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the profession of dentistry and identify its research status today and in the future. Methods An electronic search of Medline literature was performed via PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the terms "fourth industrial revolution," "digital dentistry," "dentistry 4.0," "CAD-CAM." The option "related articles" was also utilized as well as an additional manual search of review articles and the most relevant papers. Results The paper describes the most frequently used diagnostic and therapeutic procedures supported by digital technologies. Conclusion The sophisticated technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have led to more rapid and precise diagnoses of oral diseases. Clinical procedures have become easier, more precise and predictable to the dentist, and more comfortable to the patient. The long-term benefits also include financial savings and environmental protection

The fourth industrial revolution's impact on dentistry

Uvod I najveći vizionari nisu mogli da pretpostave kojom brzinom će stomatološka struka i nauka prihvatiti koncept četvrte industrijske revolucije. Po obimu i složenosti ova transformacija je veća od svih do sada poznatih i u literaturi je opisana kao Dentistry 4.0. Digitalna revolucija je stomatologiji omogućila da gotovo sve kliničke i laboratorijske procedure mogu biti podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Cilj ovog rada je razumevanje uloge četvrte industrijske revolucije u stomatologiji. Metode Pretraživanje baze Medline izvršeno je putem baza podataka PubMed i Google Scholar za termine "četvrta industrijska revolucija", "digitalna stomatologija", "stomatologija 4.0", "CAD-CAM". Takođe su korišćene opcije "srodnih članaka" uz dodatno ručno pretraživanje preglednih članaka i relevantnih tekstova. Rezultati U radu su opisane najčešće dijagnostičke i terapijske procedure koje su podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Zaključak Sofisticirane tehnologije četvrte industrijske revolucije dovele su do brže i preciznije dijagnoze oralnih oboljenja. Kliničke procedure postaju jednostavnije, preciznije i predvidljivije za lekara, a komfornije za pacijenta. Dugoročno, tu su i ekonomske uštede i očuvanje životne sredine.Introduction Even the greatest visionaries could not have guessed at what speed the profession and science of dentistry would accept the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In terms of its scale and complexity, this transformation has been greater than any known before and it has been described in the literature as Dentistry 4.0. The digital revolution in dentistry has allowed for nearly all clinical and laboratory procedures to be supported by digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the profession of dentistry and identify its research status today and in the future. Methods An electronic search of Medline literature was performed via PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the terms "fourth industrial revolution," "digital dentistry," "dentistry 4.0," "CAD-CAM." The option "related articles" was also utilized as well as an additional manual search of review articles and the most relevant papers. Results The paper describes the most frequently used diagnostic and therapeutic procedures supported by digital technologies. Conclusion The sophisticated technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have led to more rapid and precise diagnoses of oral diseases. Clinical procedures have become easier, more precise and predictable to the dentist, and more comfortable to the patient. The long-term benefits also include financial savings and environmental protection

Selektivno lasersko topljenje i sinterovanje dentalne legure kobalt-hrom

Introduction/Objective the objective of this paper is to describe the microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered Co-Cr alloy and to emphasize its advantages and disadvantages with respect to the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Co-Cr alloy. Methods Base Co-Cr alloy, EOSint M EOS Co-Cr SP2 (EOS GmbH, Munch, Germany), was used for the purpose of this research as the base material for sintering metal structures of metal-ceramic restorations. Metal sintering was conducted by using EOSint M 280 device of German origin in a stream of neutral gas - argon. After that, the alloy was heated over a period of 20 minutes at the temperature of 800°C. The chemical composition of the alloy was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Microstructure of the tested alloy samples was examined under an optical metallographic and scanning electron microscope. Physical and mechanical properties were measured in a universal testing machine. The samples were prepared according to the standard ISO 527-1:1993. Results Chemical composition of the sintered Co-Cr alloy, determined by applying energy dispersive spectroscopy, indicated the same qualitative but different quantitative composition compared to cast Co-Cr alloys. The microstructure of the sintered Co-Cr alloy is lamellar in nature, with two dominant phases: ξ-Co and/or ξ-Cr (fcc - face-centered cubic) and γ-Co (hcp - hexagonal close-packed). Mechanical properties of the Co-Cr alloy obtained by applying selective laser melting technology compared to the cast Co-Cr alloy are superior or approximately the same. Conclusion Selective laser melting of the Co-Cr alloy is a good example of new technologies based on digitization. Together with other digitized procedures, this technology is an introduction to a new era in dentistry popularly called Dentistry 4.0. The advantages of the selective laser melting technology with respect to the conventional technology of casting Co-Cr alloy metal structures are precise metal structure fitting and eco-friendly technology.Uvod/Cilj Cilj rada je opisati mikrostrukturu i mehaničke karakteristike sinterovane legure Co-Cr i istaći njene prednosti i mane u odnosu na mikrostrukturu i mehaničke karakteristike livene legure Co-Cr. Metode U istraživanju je korišćena bazna legura Co-Cr, Eosint M EOS Co-Cr SP2 (EOS GmbH, Minhen, Nemačka) za sinterovanje metalnih konstrukcija metalokeramičkih nadoknada. Sinterovanje metala je obavljeno na aparatu EOSint M 280 u struji neutralnog gasa argona. Nakon toga legura je žarena 20 minuta na temperaturi od 800° C. Hemijski sastav legure određivan je energodisperzivnom spektroskopijom. Mikrostruktura ispitivanih uzoraka legure posmatrana je na optičkom metalografskom i elektronskom skenirajućem mikroskopu. Fizičko-mehaničke karakteristike merene su na univerzalnoj kidalici. Uzorci su pripremani prema standardu ISO 527-1:1993. Rezultati Hemijski sastav uzoraka sinterovane legure CoCr pokazao je isti kvalitativan ali različit kvantitativan sastav u odnosu na legure Co-Cr za livenje. Mikrostruktura sinterovane legure Co-Cr je lamelarne prirode, u kojoj dominiraju dve faze: e-Co i/ili e-Cr (fcc - face-centred cubic) i g-Co (hcp - hexagonal close-packed). U poređenju sa livenom legurom Co-Cr, mehaničke karakteristike sinterovane legure Co-Cr su bolje ili približno iste. Zaključak Selektivno lasersko topljenje legure Co-Cr je dobar primer novih tehnologija zasnovanih na digitalizaciji. Zajedno sa drugim digitalizovanim procedurama koje prethode, ova tehnologija je predvorje novoj eri u stomatologiji, popularno nazvanoj Dentistry 4.0. Prednosti tehnologije selektivnog laserskog topljenja u odnosu na tehnologiju konvencionalnog livenja metalnih konstrukcija od legure Co-Cr su preciznost naleganja metalne konstrukcije i čista tehnologija