Temporal dynamics of spectral reflectance and vegetation indices during canola crop cycle in southern Brazil

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to characterize the variability of spectral reflectance and temporal profiles of vegetation indices associated with nitrogen fertilization, crop cycle periods, and weather conditions of the growing season in canola canopies in southern Brazil. An experiment was carried out during the 2013 and 2014 canola growing seasons at EMBRAPA Trigo, Passo Fundo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Five doses of nitrogen top dressing were used as treatments: 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160kg ha-1. Measurements were obtained with the spectroradiometer positioned above the canopy, to construct spectral reflectance curves for canola and establish temporal profiles for several vegetation indices (SR, NDVI, EVI, SAVI, and GNDVI). In addition, data on shoot dry matter were obtained and phenological stages were determined. The spectral reflectance curves of canola were reported to change with canopy growth and development. Temporal profiles of vegetation indices showed two maximum peaks, one before flowering and other after flowering. The indices SR, NDVI, EVI, SAVI, and GNDVI were able to characterize changes in the canola canopy over time, as a function of phenological phases, weather conditions, and nitrogen fertilization, throughout the development cycle. Plant growth and development, variations in crop management, and environmental conditions affect the spectral response of canola

Environmental and Operational Performance Is Not Always Achieved When Combined with Cleaner Production and Lean Production: An Overview for Emerging Economies

The effect of combined Lean Production (LP) and Cleaner Production (CP) on Environmental and Operational Performance in emerging economies' industries has not yet been studied. To address this gap, this work explores the effect of LP and CP practices on Environmental and Operational performance. A sample of 208 Brazilian organizations provided a set of results to test the four hypotheses: H1: LP practices are positively associated with CP practices in emerging economies' industries; H2: Environmental performance is positively associated with operational performance in emerging economies' industries; H3: LP practices are positively associated with environmental performance in emerging economies' industries; H4: CP practices are positively associated with operational performance in emerging economies' industries. H1 was confirmed and another three hypotheses were refuted, thus contributing to advancing the scientific literature dealing with CP and LP constructs with a comparative approach to Environmental and Operational performance in emerging economies' industries. \textcopyright 2021 Newcastle University

Comparação da temperatura do ar obtida por estação meteorológica convencional e automática Comparison of the air temperature obtained by conventional and automatic meteorological stations

Este trabalho teve como objetivos comparar os dados da temperatura do ar (temperatura média e extrema), obtidos em uma Estação Meteorológica Convencional com os de uma Estação Meteorológica Automática, e avaliar as estimativas da temperatura média diária do ar por diferentes métodos. As estações meteorológicas estavam localizadas na Estação Agroclimatológica de Pelotas, Capão do Leão (31º52' S, 52º21' W e 13,2 m), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A série de cada elemento foi obtida simultaneamente na Estação Automática e na Estação Convencional durante o período de 22/12/2005 a 21/12/2006. Existe alta equivalência para as medidas das temperaturas extremas e das estimativas das temperaturas médias entre as Estações Meteorológicas Convencional e Automática, independente do método utilizado para o cálculo da temperatura média do ar. O termohigrógrafo mede, com alta precisão, as temperaturas extremas do ar. Verificam-se pequenas diferenças nos horários de ocorrência das temperaturas mínimas e máximas entre as Estações Meteorológicas Convencional e Automática. A análise dos dados indica que a substituição da Estação Meteorológica Convencional pela Estação Meteorológicas Automática, na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, não acarreta mudanças significativas na série de dados de temperatura do ar.<br>The objective of this work was to compare the air temperature data (average and extreme) obtained by a Conventional Meteorological Station and an Automatic Meteorological Station and evaluate different methods of estimating the average air temperature. The Meteorological Stations were located at the Agroclimatological Station of Pelotas, Capão do Leão (31º52' S, 52º21' W and 13,2 m), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The data series were collected simultaneously in Conventional Meteorological Station and Automatic Meteorological Station during the period from 12/22/2005 to 12/21/2006. There is high equivalence in the measures of extreme temperature and average air temperature obtained from the Conventional and Automatic Meteorological Station, independently of the methods used for the calculation of average air temperature. The termo-hygrograph measures with high precision the extreme air temperature. There are small differences in the times of occurrence of the minimum and maximum temperatures between Conventional and Automatic Meteorological Stations. The data analysis indicated that the substitution of the Conventional Meteorological Station by Automatic Meteorological Station in Southern of Rio Grande do Sul does not changes significantly the air temperature data series

Coeficientes médios da equação de Angström-Prescott, radiação solar e evapotranspiração de referência em Brasília Angström-Prescott equation mean coefficients, solar radiation and reference crop evapotranspiration in Brasília

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os coeficientes médios a e b da equação de Angström-Prescott, em Brasília, e seus efeitos sobre o cálculo da radiação solar global (Rs) e da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Foram utilizados dados da estação meteorológica da Embrapa Hortaliças, do período de 1978 a 2003. Os coeficientes médios foram determinados por análise de regressão linear, no período todo e em períodos mensais e anuais. Utilizando-se o coeficiente calculado e os propostos pela FAO (0,25 e 0,50) estimaram-se Rs e ETo, e avaliaram-se os seus desempenhos. Os coeficientes médios mensais a variaram de 0,241 a 0,345, e b de 0,430 a 0,515. Os coeficientes médios anuais a e b foram 0,278 e 0,498, e os do período geral foram 0,282 e 0,490, respectivamente. A performance entre esses coeficientes na estimativa da radiação não diferiu. No mês de julho, foram verificados as piores estimativas e os piores desempenhos. Com as estimativas de Rs e os coeficientes médios calculados, as estimativas de ETo não diferiram dos observados, tendo-se constatado um ótimo desempenho, independentemente do coeficiente utilizado. Dependendo do tipo de aplicação final dos dados, recomenda-se utilizar, por sua simplicidade, os coeficientes médios obtidos para o período geral.<br>The objective of this work was to estimate Angström-Prescott equation mean coefficients in Brasília, DF, Brazil, and their effects on the calculations of global radiation (Rs) and reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). It was used meteorological data from Embrapa Hortaliças weather station, from 1978 to 2003. The mean coefficients were determined by linear regression analysis considering monthly, annual and total periods. Using the calculated coefficients for different periods and those provided by FAO (0.25 and 0.50), Rs and ETo were estimated and their performances were evaluated. Monthly mean coefficient a varied from 0.241 to 0.345, and b from 0.430 to 0.515. Annual mean coefficients a and b were 0.278 and 0.498, and total means were 0.282 and 0.490, respectively. These coefficients did not differ from each other on radiation estimates. The month of July provided the worse estimates and performance. When using calculated Rs estimates with monthly, annual, total and FAO coefficients, estimated values of ETo did not differ from observed ones, providing excellent performance, despite the mean coefficient used. Depending on the final application, it is suggested the use of total mean coefficients due to their easiness to estimate the shortwave radiation