10 research outputs found
Assessing the cost of global biodiversity and conservation knowledge
Knowledge products comprise assessments of authoritative information supported by
standards, governance, quality control, data, tools, and capacity building mechanisms.
Considerable resources are dedicated to developing and maintaining knowledge
products for biodiversity conservation, and they are widely used to inform policy and
advise decision makers and practitioners. However, the financial cost of delivering this
information is largely undocumented. We evaluated the costs and funding sources for
developing and maintaining four global biodiversity and conservation knowledge
products: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the IUCN Red List of
Ecosystems, Protected Planet, and the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas.
These are secondary data sets, built on primary data collected by extensive networks
of expert contributors worldwide. We estimate that US116-204
million), plus 293 person-years of volunteer time (range: 278-308 person-years) valued
at US12-16 million), were invested in these four knowledge
products between 1979 and 2013. More than half of this financing was provided
through philanthropy, and nearly three-quarters was spent on personnel costs. The
estimated annual cost of maintaining data and platforms for three of these knowledge
products (excluding the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems for which annual costs were not
possible to estimate for 2013 ) is US6.2-6.7 million).
We estimated that an additional US12 million. These costs
are much lower than those to maintain many other, similarly important, global
knowledge products. Ensuring that biodiversity and conservation knowledge products
are sufficiently up to date, comprehensive and accurate is fundamental to inform
decision-making for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Thus, the
development and implementation of plans for sustainable long-term financing for them
is critical
CaracterĂsticas da distribuição de profissionais do Programa Mais MĂ©dicos nos estados do Nordeste, Brasil
Antimicrobial and enzymatic activity of anemophilous fungi of a public university in Brazil
Development care for children with special health needs in home care at ParanĂĄ - Brazil
Comparison of cardiac autonomic modulation of athletes and non-athletes individuals with spinal cord injury at rest and during a non-immersive virtual reality task.
STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To compare cardiac autonomic modulation of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) that practice different amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) and able-bodied controls at rest and during a non-immersive Virtual Reality task. SETTING: Athletes with SCI of wheelchair basketball, wheelchair tennis, wheelchair handball, WCMX (wheelchair motocross), and para-swimming were assessed at the Faca na Cadeira Institute, ICEL and Clube EspĂ©ria in SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil; non-athletes with SCI and able-bodied controls were assessed at the Acreditando Centro de Recuperação Neuromotora, SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: One-hundred forty-five individuals were assessed: 36 athletes with traumatic SCI (41.1â±â16.8 years old), 52 non-athletes with traumatic SCI (40.2â±â14.1 years old), and 57 able-bodied individuals (39.4â±â12.5 years old). Cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed through heart rate variability (HRV) measured in the sitting position at rest and during a VR game activity. RESULTS: We found significantly more favourable HRV for athletes with SCI when compared to non-athletes with SCI, but no differences between athletes with SCI and able-bodied controls. In addition, athletes and able-bodied controls showed adequate autonomic nervous system (ANS) adaptation (rest versus physical activity in VR), i.e., they experienced parasympathetic withdrawal during VR physical activity, which was not found in non-athletes with SCI. CONCLUSION: The practice of moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with healthier cardiac autonomic modulation in adults with SCI, which may lead to more favourable health outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04618003, retrospectively registered
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Spatial distance and climate determine modularity in a cross-biomes plantâhummingbird interaction network in Brazil
Aim: We examined the effects of space, climate, phylogeny and species traits on module composition in a cross-biomes plantâhummingbird network. Location: Brazil, except Amazonian region. Methods: We compiled 31 local binary plantâhummingbird networks, combining them into one cross-biomes metanetwork. We conducted a modularity analysis and tested the relationship between speciesâ module membership with traits, geographical location, climatic conditions and range sizes, employing random forest models. We fitted reduced models containing groups of related variables (climatic, spatial, phylogenetic, traits) and combinations of groups to partition the variance explained by these sets into unique and shared components. Results: The Brazilian cross-biomes network was composed of 479 plant and 42 hummingbird species, and showed significant modularity. The resulting six modules conformed well to vegetation domains. Only plant traits, not hummingbird traits, differed between modules, notably plantsâ growth form, corolla length, flower shape and colour. Some modules included plant species with very restricted distributions, whereas others encompassed more widespread ones. Widespread hummingbirds were the most connected, both within and between modules, whereas widespread plants were the most connected between modules. Among traits, only nectar concentration had a weak effect on among-module connectivity. Main conclusions: Climate and spatial filters were the main determinants of module composition for hummingbirds and plants, potentially related to resource seasonality, especially for hummingbirds. Historical dispersal-linked contingency, or environmental variations not accounted for by the explanatory factors here evaluated, could also contribute to the spatial component. Phylogeny and morphological traits had no unique effects on the assignment of species to modules. Widespread species showed higher within- and/or among-module connectivity, indicating their key role connecting biomes, and, in the case of hummingbirds, communities within biomes. Our results indicate that biogeography and climate not only determine the variation of modularity in local plantâanimal networks, as previously shown, but also affect the cross-biomes network structure
Spatial distance and climate determine modularity in a cross-biomes plantâhummingbird interaction network in Brazil
Aim: We examined the effects of space, climate, phylogeny and species traits on module composition in a cross-biomes plantâhummingbird network. Location: Brazil, except Amazonian region. Methods: We compiled 31 local binary plantâhummingbird networks, combining them into one cross-biomes metanetwork. We conducted a modularity analysis and tested the relationship between speciesâ module membership with traits, geographical location, climatic conditions and range sizes, employing random forest models. We fitted reduced models containing groups of related variables (climatic, spatial, phylogenetic, traits) and combinations of groups to partition the variance explained by these sets into unique and shared components. Results: The Brazilian cross-biomes network was composed of 479 plant and 42 hummingbird species, and showed significant modularity. The resulting six modules conformed well to vegetation domains. Only plant traits, not hummingbird traits, differed between modules, notably plantsâ growth form, corolla length, flower shape and colour. Some modules included plant species with very restricted distributions, whereas others encompassed more widespread ones. Widespread hummingbirds were the most connected, both within and between modules, whereas widespread plants were the most connected between modules. Among traits, only nectar concentration had a weak effect on among-module connectivity. Main conclusions: Climate and spatial filters were the main determinants of module composition for hummingbirds and plants, potentially related to resource seasonality, especially for hummingbirds. Historical dispersal-linked contingency, or environmental variations not accounted for by the explanatory factors here evaluated, could also contribute to the spatial component. Phylogeny and morphological traits had no unique effects on the assignment of species to modules. Widespread species showed higher within- and/or among-module connectivity, indicating their key role connecting biomes, and, in the case of hummingbirds, communities within biomes. Our results indicate that biogeography and climate not only determine the variation of modularity in local plantâanimal networks, as previously shown, but also affect the cross-biomes network structure