Measles Epidemic In Brazil In The Post-elimination Period: Coordinated Response And Containment Strategies

The measles virus circulation was halted in Brazil in 2001 and the country has a routine vaccination coverage against measles, mumps and rubella higher than 95%. In Ceará, the last confirmed case was in 1999. This article describes the strategies adopted and the effectiveness of surveillance and control measures implemented during a measles epidemic in the post-elimination period. The epidemic started in December 2013 and lasted 20 months, reaching 38 cities and 1,052 confirmed cases. The D8 genotype was identified. More than 50,000 samples were tested for measles and 86.4% of the confirmed cases had a laboratory diagnosis. The beginning of an campaign vaccination was delayed in part by the availability of vaccine. The classic control measures were not enough to control the epidemic. The creation of a committee of experts, the agreement signed between managers of the three spheres of government, the conducting of an institutional active search of suspected cases, vaccination door to door at alternative times, the use of micro planning, a broad advertising campaign at local media and technical operative support contributed to containing the epidemic. It is important to recognize the possibility of epidemics at this stage of post-elimination and prepare a sensitive surveillance system for timely response. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd35131721172

Diagnóstico da geração e da composição dos RCD de Fortaleza/CE Generation and composition diagnosis of C&D waste of Fortaleza/CE

Este trabalho objetivou apresentar os resultados de um diagnóstico anual da geração e da composição dos resíduos de construção e demolição de Fortaleza. Durante 12 meses, foram colhidas informações das empresas coletoras e da prefeitura, tais como a quantidade e o preço do metro cúbico do entulho coletado e o destino dado a ele. Foram ainda coletadas amostras de resíduos de construção e demolição nos locais de descarte licenciados pela prefeitura. Os resultados apontam que os locais licenciados recebem em média 702 toneladas.dia-1, sendo que a composição desses resíduos de construção e demolição é, em média, de 65% de restos de argamassa, concreto e material cerâmico. Constatou-se também que grande parte desse tipo de resíduo é descartado ilegalmente, sendo que os dois principais aterros irregulares somam uma área aproximada de 26 hectares. Estima-se que esse sistema movimenta R$4,5 milhões anualmente e que quase metade desse montante é aportado somente pela Prefeitura Municipal.<br>This article aimed to present the results of an annual diagnosis of generation and composition of Fortaleza’s construction and demolition waste. During 12 months CDW collection companies’ and the city hall’ information were researched, such as the amount and the price of the cubic meter of the collected wastes and the destiny given to them. Samples of construction and demolition waste were either collected at the licensed disposal places. The results point that licensed places receive 702 tons.day-1, on average, and the composition of this construction and demolition waste is made, on average, by 65$4.5 million annually and almost half of this amount is paid only by the Municipal City hall