EFFECT OF LOW LEVEL OF OZONE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOTRYTIS ACLADA IN VITRO

            Penyakit pasca panen yang disebabkan oleh mikroba menyebabkan kerugian yang sangat besar setiap tahunnya. Pada pertanian konvensional, fungisida sudah digunakan selama bertahun-tahun untuk mengendalikan patogen pada tanaman. Sebagaimana telah diketahui, penggunaan bahan kimia secara terus menerus dapat berdampak buruk terhadap lingkungan dan menyebabkan resistensi.  Ozon telah dianjurkan oleh para ahli  sebagai alternatif pengendalian penggunaan bahan sintetik pada pengawetan bahan makanan karena ozon tidak meninggalkan residu pada bahan simpanan sehingga lebih aman untuk dikonsumsi.           Penelitian ini bertujuan ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh ozon pada konsentrasi rendah (180 ppb) terhadap perkembangan koloni dan spora yang dihasilkan oleh Botrytis aclada secara in vitro. Dua tipe inokulum digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah miselia dan spora.  Keduanya merupakan penyebab kerusakan pada bahan simpanan. Jamur yang diuji disimpan di dalam kotak yang dialiri ozon dengan suhu 7-8oC selama 14 hari. Pengamatan terhadap perkembangan koloni dilakukan dengan mengukur diameter koloni, sementara spora yang dihasilkan diamati pada hari ke 14 masa inkubasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemaparan ozon pada konsentrasi 180 ppb selama 14 hari tidak menurunkan perkembangan koloni  B. aclada, tetapi efektif mengurangi jumlah spora yang dihasilkan

Soil Fungal Community Responses to the Silver Nanoparticles Contamination as Assessed by Illumina Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

The increasing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to its excellent antimicrobial activity in commercial products prompting concerns about their fate in the environment. The toxicity of AgNPs is mainly the result of Ag+ ions. In this study, soil was experimentally contaminated with 100 mg kg-1 of AgNO3 to investigate its effect on fungal soil community. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the soil was extracted at the 6th, 12th, and 24th month of observation and assessed by Illumina Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The results show that, the pollutant change fungal community in soil. After 12 months incubated the number of fungal species in the soil reduced significantly and 40% of the community was dominated by one species

The effect of silver nanoparticles on Trichoderma harzianum, Rhizoctonia spp., and fungal soil communities

PhD ThesisSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have known anti-microbial properties and are applied in many industrial applications ranging from medicine to fabric preservation. Recently, researchers have proposed the use of AgNPs in agriculture to control plant pathogenic fungi. The use of AgNPs to control plant pathogen fungi does raise concerns as they may potentially affect the activity of beneficial soil microorganisms. In this work the effects of AgNPs on the plant pathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia spp., and their biocontrol agent, Trichoderma harzianum, and fungal soil communities were investigated. The results showed that T. harzianum mycelium growth was very tolerant to high levels of AgNPs (up to 600 mg L-1) while Rhizoctonia spp. were more sensitive (mycelial growth was affected at 20 mg L-1). Nevertheless, AgNPs effect on reproductive stage of T. harzianum, e.g. spore production, was not clear as it only showed on one concentration. Despite the decrease in spore production of T. harzianum after AgNPs exposure, the spores successfully germinated when cultivated on fresh growth medium (more than 60%). Following up these findings, T. harzianum and AgNPs were combined to examine the synergistic potential of these chemical and biological controls on growth of Rhizoctonia spp. Interestingly, the combination of AgNPs and Trichoderma did not appear to act synergistically to reduce Rhizoctonia growth in vitro. In subsequent work the effect of AgNPs contamination on soil fungal communities was assessed by Illumina MiSeq Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and processed using the UPARSE pipeline run with USEARCH. The soil contamination experiments were carried out over a period of 2 years as previous studies have only examined effects of AgNPs contamination over a few months. Before analysing the metabarcoding data from the Illumina sequencer, a method was developed to find a suitable technique to process the data. It was found that single forward read sequences produced more operational taxonomic unit (OTU) than single reverse and paired end sequences. Therefore, single forward read sequences were used to investigate the effect of AgNPs on soil fungal communities in this study. Soil contamination by AgNPs reduced fungal species richness, evenness, and changed the community structure. For example, species such as Cryptococcus terreus was the most abundant in controls but these were replaced by other species including Trichocomaceae sp. in AgNPs contaminated soil. Tolerant species, such as T. spirale were identified in highly contaminated soil (660 mg kg-1 of AgNPs) and this species has been found in previous studies examining metal contamination. Overall the findings from this thesis suggest that more intensive study will be required when considering AgNPs as an alternative to synthetic fungicides to control plant pathogenic fungi as they have a negative impact on the fungal community in soil even at lower levels e.g. 3 mg kg-1 of AgNPs.DIKTI (Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia) for their financial support, to Syiah Kuala University for their administration suppor

KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM DAN POLITIK ISLAM

Communication can’t be separated from human and social life. Every people need each others to interact and exchange information with a specific purpose. Interpersonal communication is one of sicence  that studies the communication process between individuals  to explains how communication process,  and make some relationship. In Islam, a good interpersonal communication must be in accordance with the guidance of the Qur'an and hadist. That rules inclued in political too. Islam and politic are both integrality. Politics is believed to bring mankind to the provisions of Islam. There are so many verses of the Koran that explain the words that must be considered in communicating both humans as individual, social or political beings, like Qaulan Layyina (Q.S Thaha : 44), Qaulan Baligha (Q.S An-Nisa : 63) dan Qaulan Ma/rufa (Q.S Al-Baqarah : 235).

THE EFFECT OF LOW LEVEL OF OZONE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RHIZOPUS SP. IN VITRO

Postharvest diseases caused by microbial pathogens account for a great loss every year. Fungicides have been used for decade to control spoilage in conventional agriculture. It is generally known that long term use of chemical would harm the environment and bring resistance to organisms. Increasing public concern over the use of conventional fungicide due to health issues has prompted investigations to find alternative environmentally friendly control agent that might be used to suppress diseases development in storage.Ozone has been considered by researchers as an effective alternative to the use of traditional pesticides in food preservation because it leaves no residue on fresh produce so that safer to consumed.This work determined the effect of low level ozone exposure (180 ppb) on colony development and spores production of Rhizopus oryzae, R. stolonifer and R. microsporus var.chinensis in vitro. Two types of inocula were used, mycelial and spore, as both are responsible for spread of spoilage when stored with uncontaminated food. The tested fungi were stored in an ozone chamber at 7-8 oC for 14 days. Colony development was studied by measuring the colony diameter while spores production by time fungi was assed on the 14th day of the incubation period. Ozone exposure at 180 ppb has varied result on colony development and spore production on each species examined.Overall the work suggests that continuous low level of ozone exposure at 180 ppb for 14 days has different effect on different species depend on the ability each microorganism to counteract with ozone exposure

Differential tolerance of Trichoderma harzianum and Rhizoctonia solani towards silver nanoparticles: potential for agricultural applications?

In the previous study, we examined the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on beneficial soil fungus including Trichoderma harzianum (T22), and pathogenic soil-borne fungus, Rhizoctonia solani (AG3-PT). The result exhibited that T. harzianum (T22) is tolerance towards AgNPs. On the other hand, the pathogenic fungi, R.solani (AG3-PT), is more sensitive to AgNPs. T. harzianum is well known as biocontrol agent to suppress R. solani. Therefore, in this study we investigated the combination of T. harzianum (T22) and AgNPs at low concentration to control two strains of R. solani (AG3-PT and AG2-1). The effect of AgNPs at two different levels (20 mg L-1 and 50 mg L-1) was examined over the growth of the two strains of R. solani and T. harzianum (T22) using dual culture technique. The results shows that this combination have a potential to reduce colony growth of R. solani (AG2-1) at higher AgNPs concentration. However, it was not the case for R. solani (AG3-PT). It can be concluded that AgNPs toxicity depend on several factors including species strain and the size of AgNPs particle

BIOLOGI HAMA KUTU PUTIH PEPAYA (Paracoccus marginatus) PADA TANAMAN PEPAYA

Mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) is a new pest attacted papaya that effect quantity and quality of papaya production. The research was aimed at study of biology and development of papaya mealy bug; from an egg stadium to mature bug. The experiment was conducted at plant field experiment of Agriculture Faculty, Syiah Kuala University from May to November 2011. To understand the biology and development of mealy bug, a survey and collection of P. Marginatus were conducted for mass production in laboratory, then they were invested on healthy papaya leaf. In the future the result of this study will be used as a pest control recommendation.

Keefektifan Trichoderma Harzianum dan Trichoderma Virens untuk Mengendalikan Rhizoctonia Solani Kuhn pada Bibit Cabai (Capsicum Annum L.)

. Trichoderma sp. has been considered by researchers as an effective alternative to the use of traditional fungicides in conventional agriculture because it leaves no residue both on plant and soil. This work determined the affectivity of T. harzianum and T. virens to control R. solani on seedling of C. annum. The experiment was carried out at Plant Disease Laboratorium and Experiment Field Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University from March to June 2011. The experiment was arranged in the randomized complete design using 7 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were; Control, dosage of T. harzianum 30 g plant-1, dosage of T. harzianum 45 g plant-1, dosage of T. virens 30 g plant-1, dosage of T. virens 45 g plant-1, dosage of T. harzianum 15 g + T. virens 15 g plant-1, dosage of T. harzianum 22,5 g + T. virens 22,5 g plant-1. The result showed that dosage of T. harzianum 22,5 g + T. virens 22,5 g plant-1 is the most effective to control R. solani with averages of emergent seed and plat height, 75% and 9.25 cm, respectively

Uji Waktu Aplikasi Kascing untuk Menekan Intensitas Serangan Rhizoctonia Solani Kùhn di Pesemaian Tembakau

. Damping off disease caused by R. solani is a major tobacco seedling disease. Vermicompost has been studied extensively and proven its ability to suppress damping off disease intensity caused by the pathogen. The research was aimed to determine the optimum of application time of vermicompost to reduce the disease intensity on tobacco (N. tabacum). The experiment was conducted at plant field experiment of agriculture faculty from May to November 2010. The experiment was arranged in the randomized complete block design using 4 treatments and 6 replications. The treatments consist of vermicompost application of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks before seedling. The result showed that vermicompost application time had no effect on disease intensity of R. solani on tobacco seedling

UJI TEPUNG DAUN JARAK PAGAR (JATROPHA CURCAS L.) UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN NEMATODA PURU AKAR (MELOIDOGYNE SPP.) PADA TANAMAN TOMAT

Meloidogyne spp. merupakan salah satu patogen penting pada tanaman tomat. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menjelaskan bahwa Jatropha curcas memiliki bahan aktif sebagai nematisida. Dalam pnelitian ini menggunakan daun J. curcas dalam bentuk bubuk untuk mengendalikan pathogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji beberapa dosis serbuk daun J. curcas (0; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 4,5 g/kg tanah) untuk mengendalikan Meloidogyne spp. Nematisida diaplikasikan pada lingkungan rizosfer tanaman secara artifisial. Pengamatan meliputi masa inkubasi, presentase tanaman terserang, jumlah puru yang terdapat pada akar dan populasi nematode. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serbuk daun J. curcas pada 3,5 g/kg tanah memperpanjang masa inkubasi, menekan intensitas penyakit, menurunkan jumlah puru dan populasi Meloidogyne spp  masing-masing higga 60%, 62%, 87% dan 54%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa serbuk daun J. curcas mampu mengendalikan Meloidogyne spp. pada tanaman tomat.Jathropa (Jatropha curcas L.) Leaf Powder Test to Control Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on Tomato Plants Meloidogyne spp. is one of important pathogen on tomato. Previous reports show that Jatropha. curcas has active ingridiens as nematicide. In this research we employ J. curcas leaves in powder form to control the pathogen. The aim of this study is to examine several dosages of J. curcas leaves powder (0; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 4,5 g/kg of soil) to control Meloidogyne spp. The nematicide was applied on the rhizosphere of the plant artificially. The observation was including incubation time, percentage of affected plant, number of galls, and nematode population. The results show that J. curcas leaves powder at 3.5 g/kg of soil prolongs the incubation time, suppress disease intensity, decrease the number of galls and Meloidogyne spp. population up to 60%, 62%, 87% and 54%, respectively. The results indicate that J. curcas leaves powder capable of controlling Meloidogyne spp. on tomato plant