Industrial structure and Possible Industrial Futures of the Malmoehus County

Regional development and water resource systems have been an important part of IIASA's research since the Institute's inception. As regional activities grow and decline, the efficiency of land and water management must be developed further. This in turn requires an increase in the degree of sophistication of the analysis, including economic, social, natural resource, and environmental evaluation of development strategies aided by application of mathematical modeling techniques to generate inputs for planning decisions. In the years 1978-1981 the Resources and Environment Area (REN) of IIASA in collaboration with the Department of Water Resources Engineering of the Lund Institute of Technology/University of Lund, Sweden (LTH) have carried out the study of water resources management problems in South Western Skane (Malmohus County) in Sweden. The study was initiated and pursued with the support of the Swedish National Environment Board, whose encouragement and financial assistance is gratefully acknowledged. The methodological work implemented within the framework of this study was generously supported by a grant from the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany. Soon after initiation of the joint REN/LTH investigations, the Regional Development Task (RD) of IIASA engaged itself in a case study of economic and demographic, land-use, and related problems for the same region of Sweden. This work was pursued by the RD task in collaboration with the Southwest Skane Municipal Board, as part of the Board's ongoing work concerning physical and public transport planning for the metropolitan region of Malmo and its neighboring municipalities. Because of the obvious relation between the studies pursued by the REN area and the RD task, both groups interacted intensively throughout the whole duration of their work. Moreover, it was agreed that analysis of "alternative futures" of the water resource system in South Western Skane will take full advantage of the results of the RD studies concerning overall development prospects for the region. This paper is an analysis of the current industrial structure of the Malmohus County and its possible evolution in the future. The results of analysis were used to generate industrial development scenarios for this particular region of Sweden, thus providing insight as to the possible future land and water use by industrial activities

A Conceptual Framework for an Assessment of Swedish Regional Policy

In the literature on the employment effects of regional policy, the concept of employment effect is often discussed as if it had a single, well-defined meaning. That this is not at all the case is argued in this paper, which focuses on the derivation of a more clearly defined conceptual framework that is then applied in an assessment of Swedish regional policy. It is demonstrated that for the choice of instruments of regional policy, it is important to strive for estimates of a variety of consequences possibly producing employment effects. Moreover, the analysis suggests that different estimation methods often produce answers to different questions rather than different answers to a given question. For this reason the problem specification is more important for the choice of methods than is often recognized

Tracing Regional Patterns of Industrial Specialization Trends in Sweden

The analysis of the development of regional industrial specialization can seek to emphasize determinants which are specific to each individual region or those which are common to all regions. These two approaches may not, however, differ only with regard to explanatory variables, but also methodologically. This study searches for determinants common to all or several regions in Sweden during a period of significant changes in its international specialization. The development of Sweden's three metropolitan regions is emphasized along with the development of areas in which an active regional industrial policy has been pursued. The analysis introduces a conceptual framework useful for the study of specialization trends in the "footloose" industry sector and some basic hypotheses. A regression analysis of these hypotheses is undertaken starting from a set of identities which establish some regional interdependencies in the commodity markets

Components of Urban Industrial Employment Change in a Small Open Economy: Sweden

The dense, large urban region has often been assumed to lead a region's structural development because of agglomeration economies and easy access to both a rapidly changing market and a variety of production resources. This paper analyzes whether or not three metropolitan regions of Sweden adapted their industrial sector rapidly and successfully between 1965-75 compared to more sparsely populated parts of the country. The regions include some areas which have received industrial aid during the period. The analysis of components of urban manufacturing employment change utilizes statistics for 110 industries. However, these industries are classified into various analytical aggregates. First of all, the paper makes a distinction between foreign-trade sheltered industries, trade-exposed raw material based industries, and footloose industries. The latter type of industries are trade exposed but not based on raw materials. Since these industries rely on the competitiveness of the value added process they can be assumed to be most flexible to changes in external conditions that possibly affect the incentives for spatial mobility. Three kinds of changes which are external to the urban industrial sector are analyzed for the footloose industries; namely, industry differences in domestic market growth rates, changes in comparative advantage patterns and technical change. They are studied with regard to both urban and regional employment consequences and consequences for the demand for skilled labor

Changes in Comparative Advantages and Paths of Structural Adjustment and Growth in Sweden, 1975-2000

The purpose of this study is to identify possible future development paths for the Swedish economy in a context where both world market conditions and domestic factor accumulation and technical change are explicitly taken into account. The main analytical tool used in the study is a general equilibrium model of the Swedish economy. World market prices and trade flows as well as domestic factor accumulation and productivity change are exogenous to the model. The sectoral allocation of capital and labor as well as domestic consumption, foreign trade, and the domestic price system are endogenously determined variables. The study's projections indicate that Sweden is entering a period with considerably slower economic growth than during the earlier part of the postwar period. Underlying this result is an assumed slowdown of the rate of productivity growth. The assumed rates of productivity change do not differ significantly between the sectors. Consequently reallocation gains can be achieved only through a reduction of the intersectoral differences in the marginal productivity of capital, characterizing the initial year of the project period

Changes in Comparative Advantages and Paths of Structural Adjustment and Growth in Sweden, 1975-2000

This report is part of a series focusing on the analysis of the impacts of various growth and adjustment consequences for urban areas in the small, open economy of Sweden and of external and internal changes in its comparative advantages. The report is a joint study of the Urban Change Task of the Human Settlements and Services Areas and the Economic Modeling Task of the System and Decision Sciences Area

Initial experiments concerning quantum information processing in rare-earth-ion doped crystals

In this paper initial experiments towards constructing simple quantum gates in a solid state material are presented. Instead of using specially tailored materials, the aim is to select a subset of randomly distributed ions in the material, which have the interaction necessary to control each other and therefore can be used to do quantum logic operations. The experimental results demonstrate that part of an inhomogeneously broadened absorption line can be selected as a qubit and that a subset of ions in the material can control the resonance frequency of other ions. This opens the way for the construction of quantum gates in rare-earth-ion doped crystals.Comment: 24 pages, including 12 figure

The effects of matter density uncertainties on neutrino oscillations in the Earth

We compare three different methods to evaluate uncertainties in the Earth's matter density profile, which are relevant to long baseline experiments, such as neutrino factories.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure. Talk given at the NuFact'02 Workshop, London, 1-6 July, 200

Extracorporeal circulation causes release of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL).

Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) used during cardiac surgery causes activation of several inflammatory systems. These events are not fully understood but are responsible for complications during the immediate postoperative period. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a member of the expanding lipocalin family, has recently been described as an inflammatory protein. In this study, the release of NGAL into the circulation in 41 patients undergoing heart surgery with ECC was evaluated. A 4- to 5-fold elevation of the concentration of NGAL in plasma was observed during the immediate postoperative course with a rapid elimination during the first postoperative day. Four patients undergoing lung surgery (without ECC) were also studied. The plasma concentration of NGAL only increased with a factor of 1.1-2.2 over the operation. We conclude that NGAL is released into the circulation during heart surgery, probably as a result of the inflammatory activation of leukocytes initiated by the extracorporeal circulation

Analytic Approximations for Three Neutrino Oscillation Parameters and Probabilities in Matter

The corrections to neutrino mixing parameters in the presence of matter of constant density are calculated systematically as series expansions in terms of the mass hierarchy \dm{21}/\dm{31}. The parameter mapping obtained is then used to find simple, but nevertheless accurate formulas for oscillation probabibilities in matter including CP-effects. Expressions with one to one correspondence to the vacuum case are derived, which are valid for neutrino energies above the solar resonance energy. Two applications are given to show that these results are a useful and powerful tool for analytical studies of neutrino beams passing through the Earth mantle or core: First, the ``disentanglement problem'' of matter and CP-effects in the CP-asymmetry is discussed and second, estimations of the statistical sensitivity to the CP-terms of the oscillation probabilities in neutrino factory experiments are presented.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figure