11 research outputs found
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Pressure effects on interfacial surface contacts and performance of organic solar cells
This paper explores the effects of pressure on the interfacial surface contacts and the performance of organic solar cells. A combination of experimental techniques and analytical/computational models is used to study the evolving surface contacts profiles that occur when compliant, semi-rigid and rigid particles are interlocked between adjacent layers in model solar cell structures. The effects of layer surface roughness and interlocked (trapped) particles are also considered along with the effects of surface energy, adhesion energy, and pressure. The results show that increased interfacial contact lengths and decreased void lengths are associated with the application of increased pressure. Increased pressure also results in significant improvements in power conversion efficiency. These improvements in power conversion efficiency are associated with the closure up of micro- and nano-voids due to the application of pressure to layers produced via spin coating and thermal evaporation. The results suggest that pressure-induced contacts can be used to enhance the performance of organic solar cells
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Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis for dietary reconstruction and carbon and nitrogen incremental dentine analysis
YesIn 2015, a previously unknown enclosed
settlement and burial ground was found
near the summit of a low hill in Ranelagh
townland, just north of Roscommon town.
The site—officially designated Ranelagh
1, and hereafter referred to variously as
‘the Ranelagh site’, ‘the site at Ranelagh’ or
simply ‘Ranelagh’—was excavated over a
54-week period by Excavation Director Shane
Delaney for Irish Archaeological Consultancy
(IAC) Ltd between October 2015 and October
20161
. Excavations revealed that the site was
established during the fourth century AD;
for over 1,000 years, until the final phase of
burial activity proper concluded there shortly
after AD 1400, the site would have been a
prominent feature in both the geographical
and psychological landscape of the time.
CillÃn (children’s) burials continued at the
site until about AD 1650, further asserting
this prominence
Soils and Productivity
This chapter explores the predominant land-based production systems in Ireland, specifically describing grassland, arable and forestry production. Grass is the most important agricultural crop in Ireland representing the main feed source for the livestock sector. Arable production represents a relatively small area, largely due to excess soil moisture conditions that are typical of many Irish soils. Despite favourable conditions for forestry in Ireland, the level of forest cover is low by European standards and has historically been associated with sub-marginal and marginal agricultural land. The importance of soil structure in the provision of nutrients, water and air is emphasised along with best management practices in relation to the management cycle. The role of soil texture is outlined, as is the agroclimate and soil interaction in Irish soils. The agricultural drainage conditions of Irish soils fall into the temperate zone, where the main role of drainage is the removal of excess water in the root zone of crops from surplus rainfall. This follows with a historical account of land drainage schemes in Ireland. Finally, the issues of the main production systems on poorly drained soils and the cultural practices to maintain trafficability are described. Improving the overall trafficability of any soil first requires the identification of factors causing either excessive moisture or poor soil structure. Correctly ascertaining these issues allows implementation of appropriate preventative and remediation measures, and should be the initial step in any management strategy