Science Fiction films as a mirror of american society in the 1950´s. Special reference to the role of infiltrated invader

Durante el periodo de la guerra fría existió una corriente anticomunista en el seno de los Estados Unidos. El presente trabajo trata de comprobar cómo dentro de producciones sin intención propagandística y sin aspiración alguna a mostrar la realidad, se pueden encontrar elementos que reflejan la psicología de la época. Para el estudio, hemos confeccionado una base de datos a partir del listado de las 105 películas de este género según la catalogación del American Film Institute, producidas en Estados Unidos entre 1950 y 1959. Adicionalmente se ha realizado una contextualización histórica y un análisis descriptivo analizando la figura del enemigo infiltrado.There was a strong current of anticommunist-cinema during the cold war period in the United States. This article tries to demonstrate how productions without propagandistic or documentary intentions are able to show the psychology of this period of time. This paper examines fantastic films over the 1950-1960 time period according to the American Film Institute's list. We have compiled a database of 105 films focused on fantastic field in order to perform an in-depth analysis of the main paradigmatic films of this time period after contextualizing their environment. This is followed by the analysis of the generic archetypes that characters represented in science fiction films of that decade

Fluxos de carbono orgânico e de nutrientes em Terra Preta de Indio, Terra Mulata e solos adjacentes sob floresta secundária na Amazônia Central.

Com o objetivo estimar os fluxos de carbono orgânico e nutrientes em perfis de solos de Terra Preta de Índio e solos adjacentes sob floresta secundária na Amazônia Central, o presente estudo procura identificar os solos que retém mais carbono orgânico e nutrientes

Influence of the spaguetti-western in Inglourious Basterds of Quentin Tarantino

El presente trabajo analiza la influencia del spaghetti-western en la película de Quentin Tarantino Malditos Bastardos (Inglorious Basterds, 2009). Para llevar a cabo este análisis haremos una breve introducción definiendo el concepto spaghetti-western y su relación con la filmografía de Quentin Tarantino, luego analizaremos la banda sonora de la película, ya que en ella se han utilizado varios temas que aparecen en algunos de los títulos más significativos del spaghetti-western, y finalmente comparemos tres escenas de Malditos Bastardos con tres escenas de las películas a las que hacen referencia: Salario para matar (Il mercenario 1968) de Sergio Corbucci, El halcón y la presa (La resa dei conti, 1966) de Sergio Sollima, y Duelo al Sol (Duel in the sun, 1946) de King Vidor. El análisis formal de la película denota que la película tiene más que ver con el género spaghetti-western que con el bélico, a pesar de transcurrir en la segunda guerra mundial y tener referencias más que evidentes al género bélico, por ejemplo una de las tramas principales es similar a Doce del patíbulo (Dirty Dozen, 1967) de Robert Aldrich, sin embargo la realización es más propia de un spaghetti-western que de un film bélico convencional. El análisis de la banda sonora nos revela la presencia dominante de temas de algunos títulos míticos del spaghetti-western cómo El halcón y la presa, El retorno de ringo (Il retorno di Ringo, 1966), de Duccio Tessari, Salario para matar, o De hombre a hombre (1967) de Giulio Petroni. El análisis de las tres escenas seleccionadas nos mostrará que su cercanía al spaghetti-western no es sólo una cuestión de tomar prestado un tema sino de una influencia global también patente en el estilo formal.This study analyzes the influence of spaghetti-westerns on Inglorious Basterds (2009). Inglorious Bastards is a planned ensemble war film/spaghetti western written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. The present work is structured as follow: first, we present a brief introduction defining spaghetti-western concept and its relationship with Quentin Tarantino´s filmography, then we analyze the soundtrack of the film, since it include several themes of the most significant titles of spaghetti westerns, and finally we compare some of the scenes of the movies in which those musics originally appeared with the scenes of Inglorious basterds where this music is used. The analysis of the soundtrack reveals the dominant presence of themes of spaghetti westerns like The Big Gundown (La resa dei conti, 1966), The Return of Ringo ((Il retorno di Ringo, 1966), The Mercenary (Il mercenario , 1968) or As Man to Man (Da uomo a uomo, 1967). The analysis of the scenes where the music originally appeared shows that its proximity to the spaghetti-westerns is not just a question of borrowing a theme but a global formal style

Efecto del tiempo y temperatura en el color generado por el proceso de tostado del café evaluado con la metodología de superficie de respuesta

En promedio el 95% de la producción nacional cafetalera es destinada a la exportación y el resto al consumo interno, el café es una importante fuente generadora de empleo y demandante de insumos, bienes y servicios, a lo largo de toda la cadena de valor (productores, comerciantes, acopiadores, transportistas, distribuidores, tostadores, comerciantes grandes y pequeños, administradores, entidades financieras, exportadores, técnicos y profe- sionales en todos los sectores mencionados, tostadurias, cafeterías, así como la agroindustria, entre otros). Siendo fuente de empleo para 123 mil familias que equivalen a 1 millón peruanos. Desde el año 1992 hasta el año 2001 se apreció un mayor incremento de las áreas y de los volúmenes de producción nacional (Abad, 2003). Con respecto al café tostado se pretende conocer los factores que determinan su procesamiento como el tiempo y temperatura que dependen del café a tostar por lo cual se intenta estudiar la temperatura y el tiempo apropiados para este fin evaluando el cambio de coloración de los granos tostados mediante el análisis de las imágenes por computadora. A este análisis de imágenes se le denomina visión artificial que es una herramienta eficaz en el desarrollo de diferentes tareas, ya que la imágenes digitales permiten la extracción de características cuantitativas y cualitativas de los objetos tales como la forma, tamaño y color (Sandoval, 2003).Este trabajo pretende servir de referencia a todo aquel que desee investigar acerca de la aplicación de los sistemas de visión por computadora en el control mediante color de alimentos y en especial de café tostado

Recursos educativos abiertos y uso de internet en enseñanza superior: el proyecto OpenCourseWare

Por su importancia en la generación de recursos educativos abiertos, el presente trabajo expone el caso del proyecto OpenCourseWare, iniciativa por la que las universidades dan acceso abierto a los contenidos de sus asignaturas. Un OpenCourseWare es una publicación digital gratuita y abierta de materiales educativos de alta calidad organizados en cursos o asignaturas, a los que se le da acceso abierto para su uso y reutilización según una licencia Creative Commons. A pesar de que muchísimas instituciones de Educación Superior han apostado por el proyecto OpenCourseWare para promover generación y transmisión del conocimiento, sin embargo es un movimiento aún desconocido para los estudiantes como en este estudio hemos podido comprobar. Open educational resources and use of internet in higher education: OpenCourseWare project Abstract This paper analyzes the concept of open educational resources and describes the OpenCourseWare project which aims at providing free access to the contents of higher education courseware. OpenCourseWare is a free and open digital source of high quality educational materials, organized as courses. It is available for use and adaptation under an open license, such as Creative Commons license, and it does not typically provide certification or access to university. Although a number of universities have created OCW projects for the generation and transmission of knowledge, the idea is still unknown to students.

Lagging Response of Belowground Functional Traits to Environmental Cues in a Mature Amazonian Tropical Rainforest

Context/Purpose: The stress-dominance hypothesis (SDH) is a model of community assembly predicting that the relative importance of environmental filtering increases and competition decreases along a gradient of increasing environmental stress. Therefore, trait variation at the community level should increase as resources are more available. Although the SDH was designed to explain spatial changes in plant communities based on aboveground traits, it is possible that root communities show similar switches in strategies at temporal scales in response to pulses in resource availability. Methods: To test this hypothesis we sampled for two years the morphological changes in root systems in a mature tropical forest in Central Amazon. Thirty-six samples along a 500 m transect were taken each three months from February 2016 to February 2018, separating the uppermost organic layer (0-5 cm) from the mineral soil (5-15 cm). Besides root biomass, we scanned approximately 20% of the total root systems to calculate specific root length (SRL), average diameter (D), root tissue density (RTD), and branching index (BI). Spatially, we expected shifts from acquisitive to conservative syndromes as roots penetrate in the mineral soil. Temporarily, we hypothesized that traits associated with resource acquisition (SRL, SRTA, BI) will increase with soil moisture. Moreover, we expected that trait range will increase as resources become more available. Results: We found significant differences in biomass and morphological traits between the organic and mineral soils. We found no patterns between biomass increases in seasonality, but mean community traits change significantly with seasonal rain patterns. More interestingly, changes in mean and range values were more strongly associated with rain events three months before the collecting date, suggesting a lagging between rain events and belowground community responses. Conclusions: Belowground dynamics are structured spatially and temporarily in tropical forests, in synchrony with the availability of resources, as predicted by the SHD. Our results suggest that species tend to show similar traits during stressful times but diverge during acquisition periods. The results suggest a belowground dimension to niche segregation little explored in tropical biomes to date

Direct evidence for phosphorus limitation on Amazon forest productivity

The productivity of rainforests growing on highly weathered tropical soils is expected to be limited by phosphorus availability1. Yet, controlled fertilization experiments have been unable to demonstrate a dominant role for phosphorus in controlling tropical forest net primary productivity. Recent syntheses have demonstrated that responses to nitrogen addition are as large as to phosphorus2, and adaptations to low phosphorus availability appear to enable net primary productivity to be maintained across major soil phosphorus gradients3. Thus, the extent to which phosphorus availability limits tropical forest productivity is highly uncertain. The majority of the Amazonia, however, is characterized by soils that are more depleted in phosphorus than those in which most tropical fertilization experiments have taken place2. Thus, we established a phosphorus, nitrogen and base cation addition experiment in an old growth Amazon rainforest, with a low soil phosphorus content that is representative of approximately 60% of the Amazon basin. Here we show that net primary productivity increased exclusively with phosphorus addition. After 2 years, strong responses were observed in fine root (+29%) and canopy productivity (+19%), but not stem growth. The direct evidence of phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity suggests that phosphorus availability may restrict Amazon forest responses to CO2 fertilization4, with major implications for future carbon sequestration and forest resilience to climate change.The authors acknowledge funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), grant number NE/L007223/1. This is publication 850 in the technical series of the BDFFP. C.A.Q. acknowledges the grants from Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) CNPq/LBA 68/2013, CNPq/MCTI/FNDCT no. 18/2021 and his productivity grant. C.A.Q., H.F.V.C., F.D.S., I.A., L.F.L., E.O.M. and S.G. acknowledge the AmazonFACE programme for financial support in cooperation with Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the National Institute of Amazonian Research as part of the grants CAPES-INPA/88887.154643/2017-00 and 88881.154644/2017-01. T.F.D. acknowledges funds from FundacAo de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de SAo Paulo (FAPESP), grant 2015/50488-5, and the Partnership for Enhanced Engagement in Research (PEER) programme grant AID-OAA-A-11-00012. L.E.O.C.A. thanks CNPq (314416/2020-0)

EFECTO ANTIOXIDANTE Y ANTIFOTOENVEJECIMIENTO DE EXTRACTOS DE LA MACROALGA DEL LITORAL PERUANO DE Macrocystis integrifolia BORY Y ELABORACIÓN DE UNA FORMA DERMOCOSMÉTICA

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antiphotoaging effects of extracts of brown alga Macrocystis integrifolia Bory and develop a dermocosmetic form. From this extracts, was designed the dermocosmetic form in concentrations of 1, 3 and 5%, on a base made of lard with incorporation of beeswax and sesame oil to a pH of 6,5. The antioxidant activity was determined by in vitro methods as CDP and ABTS. The evaluation of antiphotoaging effect in vivo was performed using 25 albino female mice of Mus musculus specie, strain Bald / C53, who were divided into five groups of five mice each; except the group that served as blank, control and intervention groups were depilated hair back and subjected to UVB irradiation for 7 days, morning and night. The in vitro antioxidant activity assay showed that between extracts from stem, foliage and bulb of this alga, there are differences in antioxidant capacity against free radical ABTS, stating that the lower IC50 value (173,21 µg/mL) frond abstract presents higher total antioxidant capacity than the IC50 (3,23 µg/mL) value of Trolox, reference substance. In the trial CDP an IC50 value (669,7 µg/mL) was above the standard of ascorbic acid IC50 (33 µg/mL). Antiphotoaging analysis showed, at macro and microscopic levels, favorable notable differences in the intervention groups. Was conclude that brown seaweed extracts studied have antioxidant effect in vitro and antiphotoaging in vivo.El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto antioxidante y antifotoenvejecimiento de extractos de la alga parda Macrocystis integrifolia Bory y elaborar una forma dermocosmética. Obtenidos los extractos, se diseñó una forma dermocosmética en concentraciones de 1, 3 y 5%, elaboradas sobre una base de manteca de cerdo con incorporación de cera de abejas y aceite de sésamo a un pH de 6,5. La actividad antioxidante in vitro se determinó por lo métodos CDP y ABTS. La evaluación del efecto antifotoenvejecimiento in vivo se realizó empleando 25 ratones albinos hembra de la especie Mus musculus, cepa Bald/C53, que fueron distribuidos en cinco grupos de cinco ratones cada uno; a excepción del grupo que sirvió de blanco, el grupo control y los grupos de intervención fueron depilados en el lomo y se sometieron a la irradiación UVB durante 7 días, mañana y noche. El ensayo in vitro de la actividad antioxidante mostró que entre los extractos de estípite, fronda y bulbo de esta alga, existen diferencias en la capacidad antioxidante frente al radical libre ABTS, evidenciándose que el menor valor de IC50 (173,21 µg/mL) del extracto de fronda presenta mayor capacidad antioxidante total que el valor IC50 (3,23 µg/mL) de Trólox, sustancia de referencia. En el ensayo CDP se tuvo un valor de IC50 (669,7 µg/mL) por encima del estándar del ácido ascórbico IC50 (33 µg/mL). En el análisis antifotoenvejecimiento se observó, a niveles macro y microscópicos, notables diferencias favorables en los grupos de intervención. Se concluye que los extractos del alga parda estudiada tienen efecto antioxidante in vitro y antifotoenvejecimiento in vivo

Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture

This paper examines the traditional use of medicinal plants in Northern Peru, with special focus on the Departments of Piura, Lambayeque, La Libertad, Cajamarca, and San Martin. Northern Peru represents the center of the old Central Andean "Health Axis," stretching from Ecuador to Bolivia. The roots of traditional healing practices in this region go at least as far back as the Moche period (AC 100–800). Although about 50% of the plants in use reported in the colonial period have disappeared from the popular pharmacopoeia, the plant knowledge of the population is much more extensive than in other parts of the Andean region. 510 plant species used for medicinal purposes were collected, identified and their vernacular names, traditional uses and applications recorded. The families best represented were Asteraceae with 69 species, Fabaceae (35), Lamiaceae (25), and Solanaceae (21). Euphorbiaceae had twelve species, and Apiaceae and Poaceae 11 species. The highest number of species was used for the treatment of "magical/ritual" ailments (207 species), followed by respiratory disorders (95), problems of the urinary tract (85), infections of female organs (66), liver ailments (61), inflammations (59), stomach problems (51) and rheumatism (45). Most of the plants used (83%) were native to Peru. Fresh plants, often collected wild, were used in two thirds of all cases, and the most common applications included the ingestion of herb decoctions or the application of plant material as poultices