EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF UREA ON DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES OF WHEAT

The experiment was conducted at Student Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam during the year 2012-13, to evaluate the effect of foliar dose of urea on different growth stages of wheat variety TJ-83 with 3 replications, experimental design Randomized Block Design with two factors A foliar nitrogen concentration of urea with treatments control (non -treated plots), 0.5% and 1.0%however in factor B include two growth stages i.e. Tillering stage, Anthesis stage. Wheat variety TJ-83 was cultivated at net plot size 4x4= (16 m2). The results revealed that germination (%) showed non-significant response to foliar nitrogen concentrations, growth stages and their interaction whereas all other wheat traits significantly affected by different foliar fertilizers, growth stages and their interaction.The mean maximum plant height (cm), grains spike-1 and seed index (1000 grain weight g) were recorded at 0.5% urea nitrogen concentrations whereas other wheat traits tillers plant-1, spike length (cm), spikelets spike-1 and grain yield kg ha-1 were foundThe experiment was conducted at Student Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam during the year 2012-13, to evaluate the effect of foliar dose of urea on different growth stages of wheat variety TJ-83 with 3 replications, experimental design Randomized Block Design with two factors A foliar nitrogen concentration of urea with treatments control (non -treated plots), 0.5% and 1.0%however in factor B include two growth stages i.e. Tillering stage, Anthesis stage. Wheat variety TJ-83 was cultivated at net plot size 4x4= (16 m2). The results revealed that germination (%) showed non-significant response to foliar nitrogen concentrations, growth stages and their interaction whereas all other wheat traits significantly affected by different foliar fertilizers, growth stages and their interaction.The mean maximum plant height (cm), grains spike-1 and seed index (1000 grain weight g) were recorded at 0.5% urea nitrogen concentrations whereas other wheat traits tillers plant-1, spike length (cm), spikelets spike-1 and grain yield kg ha-1 were found superior at 0.5% and 1.0% foliar nitrogen concentrations.Maximum mean for growth stages was observed at plant height (cm), tillers plan-1,spike length (cm), spikelets spike-1, seed index (1000 grain weight g) and grain yield were recorded at tiilering stages whereas higher value of grains spike-1 was recorded at anthesis growth stage of wheat. The interactive results indicated that the maximum plant height (cm) was recorded at interaction of 1.0% foliar nitrogen concentration x tillering stage, however higher values of tillers plan-1, spike length (cm) spikelets spike-1, seed index (1000 grain weight g) and grain yield kg ha-1 were observed at interaction of 0.5% and 1.0% foliar nitrogen concentrations x tillering stages. Further results indicated that the foliar nitrogen concentrations, growth stages and their interaction showed enhanced values as compared to control plots where no any fertilizer was applied.&nbsp

The Subak in Diaspora: Balinese Farmers and the Subak in South Sulawesi

The subak has a long history as an irrigators’ institution on Bali. It has also spread across Indonesia along with Balinese farmers who were resettled by colonial and post-colonial governments or who have migrated spontaneously since colonial times. While subaks have been much researched in Bali itself, little is known about subaks outside Bali. Luwu District in South Sulawesi is one of the areas where thousands of Balinese families settled in the last four decades. Based on research in this transmigration area, this paper analyzes the emergence and development of the subak in relation to the development of irrigation infrastructure of a state-built irrigation system. A comparison between two Balinese settlements in the same system shows that differences in infrastructural and managerial conditions and arrangements between parts of the irrigation system were major determinants of the institutional space allowed for the subak and ways in which the subaks developed

Physiological and cell ultrastructure disturbances in wheat seedlings generated by Chenopodium murale hairy root exudate.

Chenopodium murale L. is an invasive weed species significantly interfering with wheat crop. However, the complete nature of its allelopathic influence on crops is not yet fully understood. In the present study, the focus is made on establishing the relation between plant morphophysiological changes and oxidative stress, induced by allelopathic extract. Phytotoxic medium of C. murale hairy root clone R5 reduced the germination rate (24% less than control value) of wheat cv. Nataša seeds, as well as seedling growth, diminishing shoot and root length significantly, decreased total chlorophyll content, and induced abnormal root gravitropism. The R5 treatment caused cellular structural abnormalities, reflecting on the root and leaf cell shape and organization. These abnormalities mostly included the increased number of mitochondria and reorganization of the vacuolar compartment, changes in nucleus shape, and chloroplast organization and distribution. The most significant structural changes were observed in cell wall in the form of amoeboid protrusions and folds leading to its irregular shape. These structural alterations were accompanied by an oxidative stress in tissues of treated wheat seedlings, reflected as increased level of H2O2 and other ROS molecules, an increase of radical scavenging capacity and total phenolic content. Accordingly, the retardation of wheat seedling growth by C. murale allelochemicals may represent a consequence of complex activity involving both cell structure alteration and physiological processes.This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Protoplasma. The final authenticated version is available online at: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1250-0

EFFECT OF N APPLICATON AND N SPLITING STRATEGY ON MAIZE N UPTAKE, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND PHYSIO-AGRONOMIC CHARACTERSTICS Effect of N application and N spliting strategy on maize N uptake, biomass production and physio-agronomic characteristics. Sarhad J.

ABSTRAC

The demography of the peripatetic researcher: evidence on highly mobile scholars from the Web of Science

The policy debate around researchers' geographic mobility has been moving away from a theorized zero-sum game in which countries can be winners ("brain gain") or losers ("brain drain"), and toward the concept of "brain circulation," which implies that researchers move in and out of countries and everyone benefits. Quantifying trends in researchers' movements is key to understanding the drivers of the mobility of talent, as well as the implications of these patterns for the global system of science, and for the competitive advantages of individual countries. Existing studies have investigated bilateral flows of researchers. However, in order to understand migration systems, determining the extent to which researchers have worked in more than two countries is essential. This study focuses on the subgroup of highly mobile researchers whom we refer to as "peripatetic researchers" or "super-movers." More specifically, our aim is to track the international movements of researchers who have published in more than two countries through changes in the main affiliation addresses of researchers in over 62 million publications indexed in the Web of Science database over the 1956-2016 period. Using this approach, we have established a longitudinal dataset on the international movements of highly mobile researchers across all subject categories, and in all disciplines of scholarship. This article contributes to the literature by offering for the first time a snapshot of the key features of highly mobile researchers, including their patterns of migration and return migration by academic age, the relative frequency of their disciplines, and the relative frequency of their countries of origin and destination. Among other findings, the results point to the emergence of a global system that includes the USA and China as two large hubs, and England and Germany as two smaller hubs for highly mobile researchers