Total aerobic and Coliform counts from Oreochromis niloticus obtained from selected farms in Ibadan

The environment where fishes are caught often determines their microbial flora, many of which are potential spoilers and not necessarily pathogenic to fishes but are implicated as cause(s) of serious foodborne illnesses and toxin-infections in humans, hence, their presence above permissible levels portends food-safety threats. This study showed the microbial load in Oreochromis niloticus obtained from selected farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 156 samples consisting of gills, intestines and skins were collected from 52 O. niloticus obtained from Egbeda-(A), Ido-(B), Ibadan-north east-(C) and Ibadan north-west-(D) Local Government Areas of Ibadan for Microbial Load {Total Aerobic Count-(TAC) and Total Coliform Count-(TCC)} enumeration. TAC and TCC were performed using standard methods, and  calculated in mean Log Colony Forming Unit ± Standard Deviation (logCFu ± SD). Data were analysed with ANOVA. Overall mean logCFu ± SD TAC and TCC from gills, intestine and skin for the 156 samples were 8.65 ± 0.28 and 6.82 ± 0.20, respectively. Mean TAC 8.64 ± 0.28, 8.69 ± 0.28and 8.62 ± 0.3 and mean TCC 8.69 ± 0.22, 8.66 ± 0.23 and 8.73 ± 0.22 were obtained for gills, intestine and, skin respectively, with p>0.05. Means TAC 8.63 ± 0.36, 8.70 ± 0.20, 8.68 ± 0.33 and 8.56 ± 0.14 and TCC 8.56 ± 0.25, 8.86±0.16, 8.65 ± 0.18and 8.69 ± 0.16 were observed for locations A, B, C, and D respectively with p<0.05 for TAC and p˂0.05. Mean microbial load counts obtained in this study was higher than permissible count of 7 logCFu/mL by International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Foods (ICMSF) for fresh fish, thus, portending public health threats. Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, Aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriacea and Coliform

Microbial quality of ready-to-eat shrimps from three selected markets in Ibadan

The microbial load of shrimps and related products are not frequently checked in Nigeria, and consumers are unaware of the risk of ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimps purchased in Ibadan seafood markets. Therefore, this study determined the microbial quality of ready-to-eat shrimps from three major seafood markets in Ibadan. Ready-to-eat shrimps were collected from 80 outlets at the three major seafood markets in Ibadan (50 from Bodija, 15 from Alesinloye and 15 from Eleyele) and checked for microbial presence, microbial counts, and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated bacteria. The mean total bacterial and coliform counts were 6.40 log CFU/g and 6.24 log CFU/g, respectively. The total bacterial count was significantly lower in ready-to-eat shrimps sourced from Alesinloye [6.29 (6.24 – 6.33) log CFU/g] compared to those from Eleyele [6.43 (6.40 – 6.46) log CFU/g] and Bodija [6.43 (6.41 – 6.46) log CFU/g]. Of the 80 ready-to-eat shrimps samples, Escherichia coli was isolated from 52 (65.5%), Salmonella spp. from 68(85.0%), Shigella spp. from 52(65.5%), Bacillus spp. from 52(65.5%), Staphylococcus aureus from 56 (70.0%) and Staphylococcus epiderdimis from 43 (53.8%) samples. All the Salmonella and Shigella isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin but resistant to gentamicin, cefixime, augmentin, and nitrofurantoin. This study concluded that ready-to-eat shrimps in Ibadan are not safe, wholesome and fit for human consumption because of the high loads of bacteria. The bacterial and fungal organisms isolated from the shrimps indicate contamination from personnel and the environment

Aquaculture management practices associated with antimicrobial residues in Southwestern Nigeria

Aquaculture production has grown rapidly in Nigeria but with unbridled use of antibiotics which predisposes fish consumers to the risks of antimicrobial residues and resistance. A cross sectional survey of antimicrobial use in aquaculture and occurrence of their residues in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) samples from Southwestern states of Nigeria were carried out. The results showed that majority of the farmers lacked knowledge of drug residues in aquatic animals, and the food safety and public health implications on consumers. Frequently administered antibiotics include tetracyclines (27.5%), chloramphenicol (22.0%) and gentamicin (18.4%). About 84.7% of tested fish had residues with variable prevalence which were not statistically significant. Risk factor analysis indicated that fish farmers with tertiary and secondary education were more likely to produce fish that contained antimicrobial residues than those with primary education [odds ratio (OR) = 1.91, confidence interval (CI) = 1.24–5.99 and OR = 1.25, CI = 1.08–5.27, respectively] while fish from farms managed by men were about three times more likely to contain residues (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.95–9.35) than those managed by women. Hence, most of the fish from Southwestern Nigeria were indiscriminately dosed with different antibiotics that predispose consumers to the risks of antimicrobial residues with food safety and antimicrobial resistance consequences. Implementation of good fishery management practices and farmers' education are advocated to reduce dependence on antimicrobials

Detection and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli 0157 from Feral and Cultured Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ibadan, Nigeria

One of the most important Escherichia coli strains known is E. coli O157 and is known to cause important human diseases including food poisoning, gastroenteritis, septic shock, etc. Its isolation from food materials and resistance to antibiotics are of increasingglobal-public health concerns. This study investigated prevalence and antibiogram of E. coli O157 from Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus)..A total of 156 samples consisting of gills, intestines and skins were collected from 52 O. niloticus obtained from Egbeda(A), Ido(B), Ibadan-North East(C) and Ibadan North-West(D) Local Government Areas of Ibadan for bacteriological analysis. E. coli 0157 Isolation and identification were performed using the EU, 2017 Reference Laboratory standards for enterobacteracea isolation and characterization, and antibiogram of E. coli O157was performed using standard methods.In this study, the overall prevalence of E. coli O157 obtained from O. niloticus was 62.5% with prevalence of 62.5%, 37.5% and 87.5% from gill, intestine, and skin, respectively, while the overall location prevalence were observed as: 65.4% (A), 65.4% (B), 66.7% (C) and 50.0% (D). Isolates exhibited resistance patterns comprising: 100.0%(Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime and Meropenem), 91.7 (Cefotaxime),83.3%(Tetracycline), 41.5%(Cotrimoxazole),75.0%(Ceftriaxone), 16.7%(Gentamycin), 8.3%(Ciprofloxacin), and 0.0%(Amikacin, Chloramphenicol). Multi-drug resistance patterns were observed as: CRX- CFZMEM-(100%), CRX-CTR-CTX-CFZ-MEM-(83.3%), CRXCTR-CTX-CFZ-MEM-TET(66.7%), CRX-CTR-CTX-CFZMEM-TET-COT(58.3%) and CRX-CTR-CTX-CFZ-MEM-TETCOT GEN(8.3%). Prevalence of E. coli O157 in O. niloticus obtained from Ibadan andits multi-drug resistance patterns observed in this studyindicate aquaticcontaminations, and abuse of antibiotics, portendingfood safety and public health threats

Medicinal Plant Feed Additives Enhanced Survivability and Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish) against Bacterial Infection

The growth performance and survivability enhancement potential of some medicinal plant feed additives for combatting Pseudomonad infections in Clarias gariepinus were evaluated. Three medicinal plants (5 g/kg Allium sativum, 10 g/kg Chromolaena odorata and 10 g/kg Talinum triangulare) were incorporated separately into a basic diet. Juvenile Clarias gariepinus (n = 150, 53.05 � 0.23 g), randomised into four groups, were fed for 42 days. The control group was fed with a non-supplemented diet. Growth parameters were determined and thereafter ten fish from each group, randomly selected, were inoculated intraperitoneally with pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.2 mL culture containing 1.4 � 106 cfu/mL). Their survivability was observed for 7 days based on mortality rate and relative level of protection (RLP). Mean weight gains were higher in all treated groups and significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the group of fish fed with 5 g/kg Allium sativum diet compared with the control. The lowest mortality rate (20%) and highest RLP (75) was recorded in the group fed with10 g/kg Chromolaena odorata. The results suggest that medicinal plant feed additives enhanced growth and survival of the cultured Clarias gariepinus. The study recommends 5 g/kg Allium sativum and 10 g/kg Chromolaena odorata diet supplementations as an effective growth promoter and anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa agent, respectively, for Clarias gariepinus production

Atrazine in fish feed and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from aquaculture farms in Southwestern Nigeria

Extensive use of atrazine as herbicide in crop farming in Nigeria may lead to its accumulation in fish feed ingredients or aquatic ecosystem from aerosol or by runoff resulting in its residue in aquatic animals. Atrazine residues were determined in fish feed and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fillets from commercial aquaculture farms in Southwestern Nigeria by matrix solvent particle dispersion and quantification using an ELISA kit. The mean atrazine concentrations in feed and fish were about 1.3–1.5 μg/kg and 1.4–1.8 μg/kg respectively. Atrazine was mostly detected in catfish from Ogun State (91.3%) and feed from Lagos State (80.0%) with mean concentrations of 1.4 � 0.4 μg/kg and 1.5 � 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. Mean atrazine concentration in catfish samples from Lagos State was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the mean concentration in catfish samples from Ogun State. This study showed that the Estimated Average Daily Intake (EADI) of atrazine in fish samples from the selected states were below the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) value of 6 μg/kg for herbicide residues and thus within safe limit but their presence in fish is a cause for concern

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4 (62.3 (55.1�70.8) million) to 6.4 (58.3 (47.6�70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization�s Global Nutrition Target of <5 in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2 (30 (22.8�38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0 (55.5 (44.8�67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s)

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2•72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2•66–2•79) in 2000 to 2•31 (2•17–2•46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134•5 million (131•5–137•8) in 2000 to a peak of 139•6 million (133•0–146•9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135•3 million (127•2–144•1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2•1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27•1% (95% UI 26•4–27•8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67•2 years (95% UI 66•8–67•6) in 2000 to 73•5 years (72•8–74•3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50•7 million (49•5–51•9) in 2000 to 56•5 million (53•7–59•2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9•6 million (9•1–10•3) in 2000 to 5•0 million (4•3–6•0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25•7%, from 6•2 billion (6•0–6•3) in 2000 to 7•7 billion (7•5–8•0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58•6 years (56•1–60•8) in 2000 to 63•5 years (60•8–66•1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990�2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk�outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk�outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk�outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95 uncertainty interval UI 9·51�12·1) deaths (19·2% 16·9�21·3 of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12�9·31) deaths (15·4% 14·6�16·2 of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253�350) DALYs (11·6% 10·3�13·1 of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0�9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10�24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25�49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50�74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)