МЕНИНГОКОККОВАЯ ИНФЕКЦИЯ У ДЕТЕЙ: ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ИСХОД

Generalized forms of meningococcal infection are characterized by high risk of complication and fatal outcomes. In Russian Federation, 2016, meningococcal infection was the second most common cause of pediatric deaths (25%) due to infectious diseases after community associated-pneumonia. Mandatory vaccination against meninococcal infection is not regulated, and immunization coverage according to epidemic indications is insufficient. During first 6–8 hours of illness clinical signs of this infection may be non-specific, because of that it is difficult to make correct diagnosis at outpatient department. Aim of the study was to analyze mistakes of diagnostics of meningococcal infection and to assess factors influencing the disease outcome. Material and methods. Retrospective cohort study was performed including 113 pediatric cases of generalized meningococcal infection occurred in Arkhangelsk region (46 cases with fatal outcome and 67 patients, who recovered). Factors influencing the outcome were recognized using Cox regression. Results. Median age of patients was 11 months. Clinical forms were meningitis (13,3%), meningococcemia (40,7%), mixed form (46%). The diagnosis of meningococcal infection was made at outpatient department in 36,9% of cases. The main causes of diagnostic mistakes were the lack of experience among primary care physicians and non-specificic symptoms during the first hours of the disease. Age younger 2 years, septic shock and time between onset of the diseases and admission to the hospital were associated with fatal outcome. Conclusion. To manage meningococcal disease we need to have good compliance with clinical guidelines for outpatient departments and hospitals; to optimize medical students education for prevention of diagnostic mistakes. Vaccination is the most effective method of prevention of deaths associated with meningococcal infection.Генерализованные формы менингококковой инфекции отличаются высоким риском развития осложнений и летальных исходов. В Российской Федерации (РФ) в 2016 г. менингококковая инфекция заняла второе место (25%) после внебольничных пневмоний в структуре причин смерти детей от инфекционных заболеваний. Обязательная вакцинация против менинкогокковой инфекции не регламентирована, а охват иммунизацией по эпидемическим показаниям недостаточный. В первые 6–8 ч симптомы этой инфекции неспецифические, поэтому клиническая диагностика инфекции на догоспитальном этапе представляет сложность. Цель: анализ причин диагностических ошибок при оказании медицинской помощи пациентам с менингококковой инфекцией и оценка факторов, влияющих на исход болезни. Материалы и методы. Проведено ретроспективное когортное исследование 113 случаев генерализованной менингококковой инфекции у детей, проживающих в Архангельской области (46 умерших от менингококковой инфекции детей и 67 пациентов, у которых заболевание закончилось выздоровлением). Для выявления факторов, влияющих на исход заболевания, использовали регрессионный анализа Кокса. Результаты. Средний возраст пациентов составил 11 месяцев. Клинические формы были представлены менингитом в 13,3% случаев, менингококцемией – в 40,7% случаев, смешанной формой – у 46% детей. При направлении в стационар менингококковая инфекция была диагностирована в 36,9% случаев. Главными причинами ошибок диагностики менингококковой инфекции были – отсутствие опыта у врачей первичного звена и неспецифичность симптоматики в первые часы болезни, а факторами, влияющими на исход, – возраст младше 2 лет, наличие септического шока и своевременность госпитализации. Заключение. Для решения проблемы менингококковой инфекции необходимо: соблюдение клинических рекомендаций при оказании медицинской помощи на догоспитальном этапе и в стационаре; оптимизация образовательного процесса для профилактики ошибок диагностики. Наиболее эффективным способом предотвращения летальности от менингококковой инфекции является специфическая профилактика

КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ ГРАНУЛОЦИТАРНОГО АНАПЛАЗМОЗА ЧЕЛОВЕКА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ АРХАНГЕЛЬСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

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КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ СИНДРОМА МИЛЛЕРА - ФИШЕРА В ПРАКТИКЕ ДЕТСКИХ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ

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Meningococcal infection in children: factors influencing outcome

Generalized forms of meningococcal infection are characterized by high risk of complication and fatal outcomes. In Russian Federation, 2016, meningococcal infection was the second most common cause of pediatric deaths (25%) due to infectious diseases after community associated-pneumonia. Mandatory vaccination against meninococcal infection is not regulated, and immunization coverage according to epidemic indications is insufficient. During first 6–8 hours of illness clinical signs of this infection may be non-specific, because of that it is difficult to make correct diagnosis at outpatient department. Aim of the study was to analyze mistakes of diagnostics of meningococcal infection and to assess factors influencing the disease outcome. Material and methods. Retrospective cohort study was performed including 113 pediatric cases of generalized meningococcal infection occurred in Arkhangelsk region (46 cases with fatal outcome and 67 patients, who recovered). Factors influencing the outcome were recognized using Cox regression. Results. Median age of patients was 11 months. Clinical forms were meningitis (13,3%), meningococcemia (40,7%), mixed form (46%). The diagnosis of meningococcal infection was made at outpatient department in 36,9% of cases. The main causes of diagnostic mistakes were the lack of experience among primary care physicians and non-specificic symptoms during the first hours of the disease. Age younger 2 years, septic shock and time between onset of the diseases and admission to the hospital were associated with fatal outcome. Conclusion. To manage meningococcal disease we need to have good compliance with clinical guidelines for outpatient departments and hospitals; to optimize medical students education for prevention of diagnostic mistakes. Vaccination is the most effective method of prevention of deaths associated with meningococcal infection

Drug Safety for Children — International Monitoring Data for 50 Years

The review article presents a summary of adverse drug reactions (ADR)  in children, information about which was received in 1968–2018 in the International database VigiBase (Uppsala monitoring center, UMC).  Of the  18.4 million Individual Safety Case Reports (ICSR)  received over  50 years by VigiBase, 1.47 million ICSR contain information on the  safety of pharmacotherapy in patients under the  age of 18,  including: 34 510  reports contain information on ADR  in children under the  age  of 27 days, 415  678  — in children aged  28 days  to 23 months, 613 676 — aged 2 to 11 years and 405 202 ICSR — in patients aged 12 to 17 years inclusive. During 2018  141 655 ICSR ADR of children in VigiBase was received. The most common reason for submitting reports on adverse effects in children was vaccines, antibiotics, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, analgesics-antipyretics, anti-acne and valproic acid. The most common side effects of drugs in children were the following ADR: hyperthermia, rash, vomiting, nausea, urticaria, diarrhea, itching, headache, erythema at injection site, convulsion. Separate data on 6 age groups about 10 most frequent ADR in children and  about 10 medicines which ICSR most often arrived in VigiBase for 50 years and for 2018  are given