The features of real nutrition of preschool children in conditions of industrially polluted territories

An integral part of industrialized areas is the constant increase of technogenic influence on the human body. This contributes to the deterioration of health of the population and, above all, of children as the most sensitive contingent. The industrial district of the Dnipro city, which is characterized by intense pollution of the environment, is selected for research. It should be emphasized that the residential area is located near the territory of the sanitary-protected zone of manufacturing enterprises. The particular attention was paid to selection of the control area. Since it is practically impossible to find an area that is homogeneous by parameters, but not technogenically polluted in an industrial city - the conventionally "pure" rural area, located in the recreation area, has been chosen as a control one. The purpose of the work was to give a hygienic assessment of the actual nutrition of children living in an industrially contaminated area, compared with the actual nutrition of kids in areas where there are no powerful industrial enterprises, in order to determine the compliance of food with current norms of physical needs of this contingent. Assessment of nutrition of children of preschool age was carried out in kindergartens using 10-day menu-schedules, the analysis of which indicates their non-compliance with hygiene requirements. The received data testifies that the actual daily nutrition in kindergartens is scarce primarily with the number of biologically important products for the growing organism of the child: of animal origin - meat, fish up to 50%, dairy products from 25-26% to 85%, as well depleted amount of fruits and vegetables as sources of vitamins, trace elements and food fibers up to 71% with excessive consumption of cereals, pasta, sugar and sweets. It should be added that the actual nutrition of children in the industrial region is imperfect and unbalanced by all major macro- and micro-nutrients with the insufficiency of the proteins, which in turn enhances the toxic effects of anthropogenic pollutants, reduces the organism's response to adverse environmental factors, potentiates the risk of health problems and causes the need to adjust their nutrition. Thus, the obtained results show the necessity of continuing the comprehensive hygienic researches in this direction and are the scientific basis for studying the food supplement of the population, including children, as the most vulnerable part of the population to environmental factors, of other industrialized regions of the Dnipro and other powerful industrial regions as well as are the scientific basis for the search and implementation of effective remedies for its correction

Evaluation of the elastic properties and topography of leukocytes’ surface in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using atomic force microscope

The aim of study was to examine some morphometrical parameters (height, diameter) of the leukocytes (white blood cells - WBCs), their specific surface morphology (globular prominences and depression in WBCs) as well as their local elastic properties (Young’s modulus) in healthy persons and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by means of the atomic force microscopy (AFM). Morphological and morphometrical parameters of human leukocytes were evaluated by AFM in tapped mod

Influence of ripening in mother solution on characteristics of magnesium-substituted calcium phosphate powders

Effect of ripening in the mother liquor on the degree of crystallinity and dispersity of mixed powders of calcium and magnesium phosphates is studied as a function of magnesium content with the elemental composition such that (Ca + Mg)/P = 2. Ripening is found to have a positive effect on crystallinity of the apatite phase of powders. Nanocrystals with lowered tendency to aggregation are formed during the ripening period, which affords the powders with specific surface area as high as 80 m2/g. The morphology of the constituent particles depends on the magnesium content. Crystallization processes are essentially completed by the 21st day of ripenin

Can ionic concentration changes due to mechanical deformation be responsible for the neurostimulation caused by focused ultrasound? a simulation study

Objective Ultrasound stimulation is an emerging neuromodulation technique, for which the exact mechanism of action is still unknown. Despite the number of hypotheses such as mechanosensitive ion channels and intermembrane cavitation, they fail to explain all of the observed experimental effects. Here we are investigating the ionic concentration change as a prime mechanism for the neurostimulation by the ultrasound. Approach We derive the direct analytical relationship between the mechanical deformations in the tissue and the electric boundary conditions for the cable theory equations and solve them for two types of neuronal axon models: Hodgkin-Huxley and C-fibre. We detect the activation thresholds for a variety of ultrasound stimulation cases including continuous and pulsed ultrasound and estimate the mechanical deformations required for reaching the thresholds and generating action potentials. Main results We note that the proposed mechanism strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the neural tissues, which at the moment cannot be located in literature with the required certainty. We conclude that given certain common linear assumptions, this mechanism alone cannot cause significant effects and be responsible for neurostimulation. However, we also conclude that if the lower estimation of mechanical properties of neural tissues in literature is true, or if the normal cavitation occurs during the ultrasound stimulation, the proposed mechanism can be a prime cause for the generation of action potentials. Significance The approach allows prediction and modelling of most observed experimental effects, including the probabilistic ones, without the need for any extra physical effects or additional parameters

A system of molecular markers to identify alleles of the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 genes controlling reduced height in bread wheat

Mutant alleles of the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 (Reduced height) genes are widely used in bread wheat breeding for the development of intensive-type cultivars. These genes and their f lanking regions have been sequenced and the point mutations leading to the nonsense codons (Rht-B1b, Rht-B1e, Rht-B1p and Rht-D1b alleles) and various insertions (Rht-B1c, Rht-B1h and Rht-B1i-1) associated with a change in plant height have been described. DNA-markers based on the allele-specif ic PCR have been developed to identify single-nucleotide changes. However, the use of such technique imposes stringent PCR conditions, and the resulting data are not always unambiguous. An alternative can be found in the CAPS technology: it detects differences in sequences by digesting PCR products. In the absence of restrictases capable of digesting DNA at the point mutation site, restriction sites can be introduced into the primer sequence (derived CAPS). The aim of this study was to propose a system of CAPS-, dCAPS- and STS-markers for identifying alleles of the reduced height genes frequently used in breeding programs. Three CAPS have been developed to identify the Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1p alleles, as well as two dCAPS for Rht-B1b, Rht-B1e. STS-markers for the insertioncontaining alleles Rht-B1c, Rht-B1h and Rht-B1i-1 have been selected from publications. The proposed markers were tested during the genotyping of 11 bread wheat accessions from the VIR collection with the abovementioned mutant alleles and the wild-type Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a. The presence of nonsense mutations was also conf irmed by the results of allele-specif ic PCR. This marker system, along with the existing ones, can be used to identify dwarf ing alleles of the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 genes in bread wheat for genetic screening of accessions from ex situ collections and/or for marker-assisted selection

Molecular markers in the genetic analysis of crossability of bread wheat with rye

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the varieties of which are widely used for the grain production, is difficultly crossable with related species of Triticeae Dum. This factor limits the chance of introduction of alien genetic material into the wheat gene pool and the possibility of new varieties breeding with good adaptation to adverse environmental factors. The crossability between wheat and related species is controlled by Kr1-Kr4 genes (Crossability with Rye, Hordeum and Aegilops spp.) and the SKr gene (Suppressor of crossability). SKr and Kr1 have the largest influence on the trait. In the case of the recessive alleles, these genes do not function and the quantity of hybrid seeds after pollination with alien species can achieve more than 50 %. SKr is located on 5BS between the GBR0233 and Xgwm234 markers, closely linked with the markers Xcfb341, TGlc2 and gene12. Kr1 was mapped on 5BL, proximally to the Ph1 gene, between the EST-SSR markers Xw5145 and Xw9340. The markers of SKr were used to control the transfer of its recessive allele into other wheat genotypes, which made it possible to obtain highly crossable forms. However, the advantages of using the SKr and Kr1 markers in marker-assisted selection and in the screening of ex situ collections are not sufficiently studied. The published Kr1 sequence for varieties with different crossability offers great prospects, because it will be possible to create allele-specific markers. In this review, the following issues are considered: genetic resources created by wheat and rye hybridization, the geographical distribution of easy-to-cross forms of wheat, genetic control of the wheat and rye compatibility, advances of the use of molecular markers in the mapping of Kr-genes and their transmission control

Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients — cerebral, cognitive, psychosocial and clinical aspects

The review article describes modern approaches to hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, its clinical and laboratory diagnostics, and its current classification. Hypoglycemia has the highest impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, including stroke. Cerebral damage in neuroglycopenia, as well as neurological aspects in this group of patients, are discussed. The authors describe glycopenia’s influence on cerebral metabolism, counter-regulatory response, and impaired hypoglycemia recognition, as well as modern neuroimaging techniques that may enhance differential diagnostics in complex cases. The epidemiology of neurocognitive disorders in DM patients and their association with hypoglycemic conditions is outlined, together with psychosocial aspects of its consequences — both for the patient and relatives and for the medical professionals. The search for ways to reduce the burden of hypoglycemia from the standpoint of an effective and safe strategy for treating patients with type 2 diabetes does not lose its relevance, and therefore data on the prevalence of hypoglycemic conditions of varying severity when using certain classes of hypoglycemic drugs are presented. A therapeutic approach that maximizes metabolic control while reducing hypoglycemia to a minimum may determine further possibilities for personalized DM management

Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Iridium at Room Temperature

Defect structure and its relationship with deformation behaviour at room temperature of iridium, the sole refractory face centred cubic (f.c.c.) metal, are discussed. Small angle boundaries and pile-ups of curvilinear dislocation segments are the main features of dislocation structure in polycrystalline iridium at room temperature, while homogeneously distributed rectilinear dislocation segments were the main element of defect structure of iridium single crystals at the same conditions. Small angle boundaries and pile-ups of curvilinear dislocation segments are formed in iridium single crystals under mechanical treatment at elevated temperatures (> 800°C) only. The evolution of defect structure in polycrystalline iridium and other f.c.c. metals under room temperature deformation occurs by the same process: accumulation of dislocations in the matrix leads to the appearance of both new sub-grains and new grains up to the fine grain (nanocrystalline) structure. Neither single straight dislocations nor their pile-ups are observed in iridium at room temperature if small angle boundaries have been formed. This feature may be considered as the reason why polycrystalline iridium demonstrates advanced necking (high localised plasticity) and small total elongation.The authors would like to thank Professor David Lupton (W. C. Heraeus GmbH, Hanau, Germany) and Professor Easo George (The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A.) for helpful discussions. This research was partially supported by the JSC Ekaterinburg NonFerrous Metals Processing Plant, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Grant No. 2.2.2.2/5579) and the U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) (Grant No. RUXO-005-EK-06/BG7305)

ФОНД ГАРАНТУВАННЯ ВКЛАДІВ ФІЗИЧНИХ ОСІБ ЯК СУБ’ЄКТ КОНТРОЛЮ ЗА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ БАНКІВ В УКРАЇНІ

The authors of the article have researched the features of regulatory activity of the Deposits Guarantee Fund within the system of guaranteeing deposits of individuals. The problems of the formation of the resource base of the Deposits Guarantee Fund have been determined. In order to increase the funds of the Deposits Guarantee Fund and to facilitate the timely fulfillment of obligations in regard to the reimbursement of deposits in case of the withdrawal of the license and liquidation of the bank, the authors have suggested to change the approach of calculating the regular differentiated fee.Some aspects of control over the activities of banks by the Deposits Guarantee Fund have been considered; the authors have also defined the tools of its control activity. The shortcomings of the application of sanctions by the Deposits Guarantee Fund for the banks violation of the legislation have been established. The authors have conducted the distinction between sanctions and precautionary measures that do not have negative consequences for the subject of the commission of the offense.The authors have offered to refer a fine and an order to eliminate violations of the legislation on the system of guaranteeing deposits of individuals to administrative and economic sanctions applied by the Deposits Guarantee Fund to Banks, and to include a written reservation to preventive measures of influence. It has been emphasized that sanctions have negative consequences for offenders while enforcement actions are aimed at making a note of warning for the bank.The authors have formulated own definition of control over the activities of banks by the Deposits Guarantee Fund. It has been concluded that the instruments of control over the activities of banks by the Deposits Guarantee Fund are: documentary and factual verifications of banks, requests for information, administrative and economic sanctions. It has been established that the Fund’s control over the activities of banks is the management activity that is implemented within the framework of the regulatory activity of the Fund.Исследованы особенности регуляторной деятельности Фонда гарантирования вкладов физических лиц в системе гарантирования вкладов физических лиц. Определены проблемы формирования ресурсной базы Фонда гарантирования вкладов физических лиц. Рассмотрены отдельные аспекты контроля за деятельностью банков со стороны Фонда гарантирования вкладов физических лиц, а также определены инструменты его контрольной деятельности. Установлены недостатки применения санкций Фондом гарантирования вкладов физических лиц за нарушение законодательства банками.Досліджено особливості регуляторної діяльності Фонду гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб у системі гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб. Визначено проблеми формування ресурсної бази Фонду гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб. З метою збільшення коштів Фонду гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб і сприяння своєчасному виконанню зобов’язань щодо відшкодування вкладів у разі відкликання ліцензії та ліквідації банку запропоновано змінити підхід до обчислення регулярного диференційованого збору.Розглянуто окремі аспекти контролю за діяльністю банків з боку Фонду гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб, а також визначено інструменти його контрольної діяльності. Установлено недоліки застосування санкцій Фондом гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб за порушення законодавства банками. Проведено розмежовування санкцій і заходів попереджувального характеру, що не завдають негативних наслідків для суб’єкта вчинення правопорушення.Запропоновано до адміністративно-господарських санкцій, що застосовує Фонд гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб до банків, відносити штраф і розпорядження про усунення порушень законодавства про систему гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб, а письмове застереження відносити до попереджувальних заходів впливу. Наголошено, що санкції мають негативні наслідки для правопорушника, у той час, коли заходи впливу спрямовані на попередження банків.Сформульовано авторське визначення контролю за діяльністю банків з боку Фонду гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб. Зроблено висновок, що інструментами контролю за діяльністю банків з боку Фонду гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб є: документальні та фактичні перевірки банків, запити про надання інформації, адміністративно-господарські санкції. Установлено, що контроль з боку Фонду за діяльністю банків є управлінською діяльністю, яка реалізується в межах регулятивної діяльності Фонду