ВІДЧУТТЯ ЗАГРОЗИ БЕЗПЕЦІ У КОНТЕКСТІ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ В УКРАЇНІ

Abstract. The problems of refugees and migrants are a topical issue in world politics. Ukraine is a country of destination and transit for those who need international protection, as well as economic migrants willing to enter the European Union. Migration processes are characterized by many aspects, including: political, economic, security, social, educational and scientific ones. The article studies the attitude of Ukrainian youth towards immigrants, in particular refugees, in the context of a hypothetical threat to public safety and order. The level of social distance to forced immigrants and its impact on the sense of safety threat due to the presence of refugees in Ukraine were determined for this purpose. The research uses the conceptual concept of social distance of Emory Bogardus. The results obtained confirmed the close link between the level of social distance to immigrants and the sense of safety threat associated with the possible presence of refugees in Ukraine. The level of social distance in relation to immigrants was considered in the context of 25 nationalities and in relation to five social roles, such as: a citizen of the country, a neighbour, an employee, a partner of permanent residence of refugees on the territory of Ukraine. A questionnaire of student youth of Lviv State University of Life Safety was chosen as an empirical method of research.Анотація. Проблеми біженців і мігрантів є актуальним питанням світової політики. Україна є країною призначення та транзиту для осіб, які потребують міжнародного захисту, а також економічних мігрантів, які їдуть на роботу до Європейського Союзу. Міграційні процеси характеризуються багатьма аспектами, серед яких: політичні, економічні, безпекові, соціальні, освітні та наукові. Метою роботи є вивчення ставлення української молоді до іммігрантів, зокрема біженців, в контексті гіпотетичної загрози громадській безпеці та порядку. Для цього було визначено рівень соціальної дистанції до вимушених іммігрантів та його вплив на відчуття загрози безпеці через присутність біженців в Україні. У дослідженні використано концептуальне поняття соціальної дистанції Еморі Богардуса. Отримані результати підтвердили тісний зв'язок між рівнем соціальної дистанції до іммігрантів та відчуттям загрози безпеці, пов'язаної з можливою присутністю біженців в Україні. Рівень соціальної дистанції до іммігрантів було розглянуто в контексті 25 національностей та у п’яти соціальних ролях, таких як: громадянин країни, сусід, співробітник, чоловік/дружина, опікун дитини. В якості емпіричного методу дослідження вибрано анкетування студентської молоді Львівського державного університету безпеки життєдіяльності

On magnetic fluctuation spectra in the solar wind and the influence of mode dispersion

Magnetic fluctuation power spectra in the solar wind are commonly observed to have a power-law form with a spectral index s = 5/3 at frequencies lower than about 1 Hz. This characteristic feature of magnetic fluctuation spectra defines what is called the inertial range and may be described, in wavenumber space, by Kolmogorov diffusion. For higher frequencies, it has been suggested that collisionless damping of Alfven and magnetosonic waves leads to steeper power-laws; this regime is sometimes labeled as the dissipation range. Here we argue, based on numerical calculations, that it is more likely that the observed steeper power-laws result from an increase in the wavenumber diffusion rate caused by whistler-like dispersion than from collision-less damping. The calculations lead to the prediction, that this broken power-law feature of magnetic fluctuation spectra is only observable in low-{beta}{sub p} plasmas

Multiscaling of galactic cosmic ray flux

Multiscaling analysis of differential flux dissipation rate of galactic cosmic rays (Carbon nuclei) is performed in the energy ranges: 56.3-73.4 Mev/nucleon and 183.1-198.7 MeV/nucleon, using the data collected by ACE/CRIS spacecraft instrument for 2000 year. The analysis reveals strong (turbulence-like) intermittency of the flux dissipation rate for the short-term intervals: 1-30 hours. It is also found that type of the intermittency can be different in different energy ranges

Space-filter techniques for quasi-neutral hybrid-kinetic models

The space-filter approach has proved a fundamental tool in studying turbulence in neutral fluids, providing the ability to analyze scale-to-scale energy transfer in configuration space. It is well known that turbulence in plasma presents challenges different from neutral fluids, especially when the scale of interests include kinetic effects. The space-filter approach is still largely unexplored for kinetic plasma. Here we derive the space-filtered (or, equivalently "coarse-grained") equations in configuration space for a quasi-neutral hybrid-kinetic plasma model, in which ions are fully kinetic and electrons are a neutralizing fluid. Different models and closures for the electron fluid are considered, including finite electron-inertia effects and full electrons' pressure-tensor dynamics. Implications for the cascade of turbulent fluctuations in real space depending on different approximations are discussed.Comment: 43 pages, 2 figure

Spectral Formation in X-Ray Pulsars: Bulk Comptonization in the Accretion Shock

Accretion-powered X-ray pulsars are among the most luminous X-ray sources in the Galaxy. However, despite decades of theoretical and observational work since their discovery, no satisfactory model for the formation of the observed X-ray spectra has emerged. In particular, the previously available theories are unable to reproduce the power-law variation observed at high energies in many sources. In this paper, we present the first self-consistent calculation of the spectrum emerging from a pulsar accretion column that includes an explicit treatment of the energization occurring in the shock. Using a rigorous eigenfunction expansion method based on the exact dynamical solution for the velocity profile in the column, we obtain a closed-form expression for the Green's function describing the upscattering of radiation injected into the column from a monochromatic source located at the top of the thermal mound, near the base of the flow. The Green's function is convolved with a Planck distribution to calculate the radiation spectrum resulting from the reprocessing of blackbody photons emitted by the thermal mound. We demonstrate that the energization of the photons in the shock naturally produces an X-ray spectrum with a power-law shape at high energies and a blackbody shape at low energies, in agreement with many observations of accreting X-ray pulsars.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

Kinetic Turbulence

The weak collisionality typical of turbulence in many diffuse astrophysical plasmas invalidates an MHD description of the turbulent dynamics, motivating the development of a more comprehensive theory of kinetic turbulence. In particular, a kinetic approach is essential for the investigation of the physical mechanisms responsible for the dissipation of astrophysical turbulence and the resulting heating of the plasma. This chapter reviews the limitations of MHD turbulence theory and explains how kinetic considerations may be incorporated to obtain a kinetic theory for astrophysical plasma turbulence. Key questions about the nature of kinetic turbulence that drive current research efforts are identified. A comprehensive model of the kinetic turbulent cascade is presented, with a detailed discussion of each component of the model and a review of supporting and conflicting theoretical, numerical, and observational evidence.Comment: 31 pages, 3 figures, 99 references, Chapter 6 in A. Lazarian et al. (eds.), Magnetic Fields in Diffuse Media, Astrophysics and Space Science Library 407, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2015

Solar Wind Turbulence and the Role of Ion Instabilities

International audienc

Cirurgia para o controle de danos: Sua evolução durante os últimos 20 anos

In less than twenty years, what began as a concept for the treatment of exsanguinating truncal trauma patients has become the primary treatment model for numerous emergent, life threatening surgical conditions incapable of tolerating traditional methods. Its core concepts are relative straightforward and simple in nature: first, proper identification of the patient who is in need of following this paradigm; second, truncation of the initial surgical procedure to the minimal necessary operation; third, aggressive, focused resuscitation in the intensive care unit; fourth, definitive care only once the patient is optimized to tolerate the procedure. These simple underlying principles can be molded to a variety of emergencies, from its original application in combined major vascular and visceral trauma to the septic abdomen and orthopedics. A host of new resuscitation strategies and technologies have been developed over the past two decades, from permissive hypotension and damage control resuscitation to advanced ventilators and hemostatic agents, which have allowed for a more focused resuscitation, allowing some of the morbidity of this model to be reduced. The combination of the simple, malleable paradigm along with better understanding of resuscitation has proven to be a potent blend. As such, what was once an almost lethal injury (combined vascular and visceral injury) has become a survivable one