Walter Kubiëna - Begründer der mikroskopischen Bodenforschung und der europäischen Bodensystematik

Der österreichische Bodenkundler Walter Ludwig Konstantin Ritter von Kubiëna wurde am 30. Juni 1897 in Neutitschein (Mähren) geboren und verstarb am 28. Dezember 1970 in Klagenfurt. W. Kubiëna war gleichermaßen Naturliebhaber, begeisterter Bergwanderer und -kletterer, ein begnadeter Zeichner wie Feldbodenkundler und begründete, ausgehend von der Bodenbiologie, die mikroskopische Bodenuntersuchung zur exakten Erfassung und Beschreibung des Bodens in seiner natürlichen Lagerung sowie die europäische Bodensystematik. Durch lange und umfangreiche Reisen durch europäische wie außereuropäische Länder, so z.B. von Vladiwostok bis Colombo, durch Nord- und Südamerika, durch die Kanarischen Inseln, eine Nord-Süd-Querung von Afrika, Neuseeland und Hawaii, konnte sich W. Kubiëna ein umfassendes und zugleich fundiertes Wissen über die Böden in allen Teilen der Erde aneignen, das, unterstützt von einer umfangreichen Bildsammlung von Landschaften, Bodenprofilen und Bodendünnschliffen, die Grundlage für richtungsgebende Werke über die Bodenmikromorphologie und Bodensystematik bildete. Das umfangreiche Œuvre von W. Kubiëna umfasst somit neben acht Büchern weit über hundert Veröffentlichungen in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften und als kleinere selbstständige Publikationen. Eine große Zahl von Bezeichnungen wie Darstellungen, die selbst heute nicht an Aktualität verloren haben und in den jüngsten Bodensystematiken ihren Niederschlag finden, zeugen von der präzisen Naturbeobachtung und -erfassung wie auch vom enormen Fleiß und der Schaffenskraft von W. Kubiëna

EROZIJA TLA VODOM U UZGOJU RAZLICITIH USJEVA PRI RAZLICITIM ZAHVATIMA OBRADE NA PSEUDOGLEJU SREDISNJE HRVATSKE

Water erosion was recorded during a four-year period (1994-1998.) on Luvic stagnosol (pseudogley), in the Daruvar area (Central Croatia), in different crop development stages according to USLE, under six tillage treatments in growing common arable crops in the common crop sequence. A much higher rate of erosion, higher than Soil loss tolerance (T value) was recorded in the growing of spring crops (row crops) than in winter crops of high plant density, where it was below the T value. In the growing of spring crops, the critical period with maximal water erosion was the period of seedbed preparation (SB period according of USLE), the period just after sowing. In the growing of maize and soybean, this is the period when over 80% of the overall annual erosion occurs in all tillage variants. As expected, the maximal rate of soil erosion, higher than the T value, was recorded in the standard plot according to USLE, followed by the variant of conventional up/down the slope tillage. Soil erosion was much smaller and below the T value in the no-tillage variant and in all variants with tillage across the slope. This means that these variants of soil tillage can be defined as conservation tillage in agroecological conditions of this part of Croatia. In growing winter crops of high density (wheat and oil seed rape), no critical periods were observed and erosion was much below the T value and was uniformly distributed throughout the whole growing season. According to the results, to reduce soil erosion below the T value on slopes of inclination higher than 9%, soil conservation practices are all tillage operations across the slope and/or a reduced crop rotation, without row crops.Tijekom cetvorogodišnjeg razdoblja (1994-98) na pseudogleju središnje Hrvatske pri razlicitim varijantama obrade tla istraživana je erozija tla vodom. U istraživanja su ukljuceni usjevi koji dominiraju u ovom podneblju, dok su varijante obrade slijedece: 1. Standardna parcela prema USLE - crni ugar 2. Konvencionalno oranje (do 25 cm) uz i niz nagib 3. Izostavljanje obrade - izravna sjetva, 4. Konvencionalno oranje okomito na smjer nagiba 5. Vrlo duboko oranje (do 50 cm) okomito na smjer nagiba. 6. Podrivanje na 60 cm dubine + konvencionalno oranje okomito na smjer nagiba. Temeljem polucenih rezultata i odnosa s tolerantnom erozijom za ovaj tip tla zakljucujemo da su erozijski nanosi pri u uzgoju jarina rijetkog sklopa (kukuruz i soja) mnogo veci u odnosu na tolerantno odnošenja za ovaj tip tla. Kriticno razdoblje pri uzgoju ovih kultura je neposredno poslije sjetve ovih usjeva (razdoblje nicanja pa dok usjev nije prekrio 10% površine). U ovom razdoblju utvrdeno je preko 80 % ukupne godišnje erozije, bez obzira na smjer obrade. Pri uzgoju ozimih kultura gustog sklopa (pšenica i uljana repica) nisu zabilježeni kriticna razdoblja, dok je ukupna erozija izrazito niža od tolerantnog odnošenja, pa u obzir dolaze svi istraživani nacini obrade tla. Temeljem svega navedenog zakljucujemo da je obrada uz/niz nagib pri uzgoju jarina rijetkog sklopa visoko rizicna na nagnutim terenima, pa bi taj nacin obrade tla trebalo napustiti. Izostavljanje obrade i bilo koji od nacina obrade okomito na nagib preporucamo za širu primjenu u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Smatramo da je rijec je o nacinima obrade tla koji su u skladu s održivom poljoprivredom u ovom podneblju

EROZIJA TLA VODOM U UZGOJU RAZLICITIH USJEVA PRI RAZLICITIM ZAHVATIMA OBRADE NA PSEUDOGLEJU SREDISNJE HRVATSKE

Water erosion was recorded during a four-year period (1994-1998.) on Luvic stagnosol (pseudogley), in the Daruvar area (Central Croatia), in different crop development stages according to USLE, under six tillage treatments in growing common arable crops in the common crop sequence. A much higher rate of erosion, higher than Soil loss tolerance (T value) was recorded in the growing of spring crops (row crops) than in winter crops of high plant density, where it was below the T value. In the growing of spring crops, the critical period with maximal water erosion was the period of seedbed preparation (SB period according of USLE), the period just after sowing. In the growing of maize and soybean, this is the period when over 80% of the overall annual erosion occurs in all tillage variants. As expected, the maximal rate of soil erosion, higher than the T value, was recorded in the standard plot according to USLE, followed by the variant of conventional up/down the slope tillage. Soil erosion was much smaller and below the T value in the no-tillage variant and in all variants with tillage across the slope. This means that these variants of soil tillage can be defined as conservation tillage in agroecological conditions of this part of Croatia. In growing winter crops of high density (wheat and oil seed rape), no critical periods were observed and erosion was much below the T value and was uniformly distributed throughout the whole growing season. According to the results, to reduce soil erosion below the T value on slopes of inclination higher than 9%, soil conservation practices are all tillage operations across the slope and/or a reduced crop rotation, without row crops.Tijekom cetvorogodišnjeg razdoblja (1994-98) na pseudogleju središnje Hrvatske pri razlicitim varijantama obrade tla istraživana je erozija tla vodom. U istraživanja su ukljuceni usjevi koji dominiraju u ovom podneblju, dok su varijante obrade slijedece: 1. Standardna parcela prema USLE - crni ugar 2. Konvencionalno oranje (do 25 cm) uz i niz nagib 3. Izostavljanje obrade - izravna sjetva, 4. Konvencionalno oranje okomito na smjer nagiba 5. Vrlo duboko oranje (do 50 cm) okomito na smjer nagiba. 6. Podrivanje na 60 cm dubine + konvencionalno oranje okomito na smjer nagiba. Temeljem polucenih rezultata i odnosa s tolerantnom erozijom za ovaj tip tla zakljucujemo da su erozijski nanosi pri u uzgoju jarina rijetkog sklopa (kukuruz i soja) mnogo veci u odnosu na tolerantno odnošenja za ovaj tip tla. Kriticno razdoblje pri uzgoju ovih kultura je neposredno poslije sjetve ovih usjeva (razdoblje nicanja pa dok usjev nije prekrio 10% površine). U ovom razdoblju utvrdeno je preko 80 % ukupne godišnje erozije, bez obzira na smjer obrade. Pri uzgoju ozimih kultura gustog sklopa (pšenica i uljana repica) nisu zabilježeni kriticna razdoblja, dok je ukupna erozija izrazito niža od tolerantnog odnošenja, pa u obzir dolaze svi istraživani nacini obrade tla. Temeljem svega navedenog zakljucujemo da je obrada uz/niz nagib pri uzgoju jarina rijetkog sklopa visoko rizicna na nagnutim terenima, pa bi taj nacin obrade tla trebalo napustiti. Izostavljanje obrade i bilo koji od nacina obrade okomito na nagib preporucamo za širu primjenu u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Smatramo da je rijec je o nacinima obrade tla koji su u skladu s održivom poljoprivredom u ovom podneblju

Gedachtnisexkursion Andalusien

Diese Gegend im Süden Spaniens ist eine autonome Region und besteht aus aeht Provinzen. Sie umfasst ein Gebiet von der GroBe Portugals, in dem die Sierra Nevada und das weite Tal des Guadalquivir liegen, und besitzt mehr als 700 km Küste. Der sumptige Coto Doñana-Park in der Nähe von Cádiz ist ein groBes Naturschlltzgebiet. Die bekanntesten Städte Andalucías (Andalusiens) sind Granada, Córdoba und die Hauptstadt Sevilla. Diese historischen Städte ziehen viele Besueher an und bilden mit den Ferienorten der Costa del Sol und dem gebirgigen Hinterland die wichtigste Urlaubsregion Spaniens. Eine Vielzahl kleinerer Orte wie Úbeda, Carmona und die berühmten "WeiBen Dorfer" ziehen ebenfalls viele Besucher nach Andalusien. Andalusien (Andalucía), mit 87.268 km2 7,234.873 Einwohnern und einer Bevölkerungsdichte von 83 Einwohnern pro km2 ist nicht nur die gröBte, sondern auch die am längsten durch die Herrschaft der Mauren geprägte Region. Neben diesen Elementen verleihen aber auch die geologisch-morphologischen Bedingungen dieser Region einen unverwechselbaren Habitus. Die automone Region Andalucía umfaBt acht Provinzen (Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga und Sevilla) (vgl. Abb. 1). Andalusien kann in zwei Bereiche, in Hochandalusien und in Niederandalusien gegliedert werden (vgl. Abb. 3).Peer reviewe

WATER EROSION IN DIFFERENT CROP DEVELOPMENT STAGES AND TILLAGE PRACTICES ON LUVIC STAGNOSOL OF CENTRAL CROATIA

Water erosion was recorded during a four-year period (1994-1998.) on Luvic stagnosol (pseudogley), in the Daruvar area (Central Croatia), in different crop development stages according to USLE, under six tillage treatments in growing common arable crops in the common crop sequence. A much higher rate of erosion, higher than Soil loss tolerance (T value) was recorded in the growing of spring crops (row crops) than in winter crops of high plant density, where it was below the T value. In the growing of spring crops, the critical period with maximal water erosion was the period of seedbed preparation (SB period according of USLE), the period just after sowing. In the growing of maize and soybean, this is the period when over 80% of the overall annual erosion occurs in all tillage variants. As expected, the maximal rate of soil erosion, higher than the T value, was recorded in the standard plot according to USLE, followed by the variant of conventional up/down the slope tillage. Soil erosion was much smaller and below the T value in the no-tillage variant and in all variants with tillage across the slope. This means that these variants of soil tillage can be defined as conservation tillage in agroecological conditions of this part of Croatia. In growing winter crops of high density (wheat and oil seed rape), no critical periods were observed and erosion was much below the T value and was uniformly distributed throughout the whole growing season. According to the results, to reduce soil erosion below the T value on slopes of inclination higher than 9%, soil conservation practices are all tillage operations across the slope and/or a reduced crop rotation, without row crops