Использование технологий специального назначения в сельскохозяйственной робототехнике

The article presents the main results of the analysis of the agriculture automation level in Russia and in the world. The results of the research of the foreign market, structures and compositions of foreign-made unmanned mobile energy vehicles are presented. The main direction of development of foreign companies is the creation of new models of navigation and orientation equipment for agricultural machinery aimed to the implementation of autonomous moving and mission equipment control. Technics automatization is possible due to refitting of already existing samples with specialized attachments. According to this analysis, foreign agricultural machinery is far ahead of domestic manufacturers for the production of crew-unmanned facilities of mechanization for the agricultural sector, and the material intensity of the existing agricultural production in Russia is 3-4 times higher than that of foreign countries. The need for this kind of analysis is explained by the result of a comparison labor productivity: this index in Russia's agriculture is by 2.4 times lower than European one and 3.5 times lower than that of the USA. The Russian agriculture development retard can be eliminate through the use of modern achievements in the field of robotic systems for special purposes. The authors proved the possibility of double use of technologies because of similarity of schemes and structure of robotic systems for the solution of specialized tasks of both directions. The unmanned mobile energy vehicles can be used at sequential and parallel autonomous driving.Изложены основные результаты анализа уровня автоматизации сельского хозяйства в России и мире. Приведены результаты исследования иностранного рынка беспилотных мобильных энергосредств (МЭС), а также данные по структуре и составу МЭС иностранного производства. Отмечено, что ведущим направлением разработок иностранных компаний стала аппаратура для навигации и ориентации сельхозмашин в ходе реализации автономного управления движением и целевым оборудованием. Автоматизация техники возможна путем дооснащения уже существующих образцов специализированным навесным оборудованием. Согласно проведенному анализу, зарубежное сельхозмашиностроение значительно опережает отечественных производителей по выпуску экипажно-безэкипажных средств механизации сельхозсектора, а материалоемкость существующего в России сельхозпроизводства в 3-4 раза выше, чем в других странах. Необходимость такого анализа объясняется итогами сравнения производительности труда в сельском хозяйстве: в России она в среднем в 2,4 раза ниже, чем в Европе, и в 3,5 раза ниже, чем в США. Отставание в развитии сельского хозяйства РФ можно преодолеть, используя современные достижения в области робототехнических комплексов (РТК) специального назначения. Обоснована возможность двойного применения технологий ввиду схожести схем и состава РТК для решения специализированных задач по обоим направлениям. Беспилотные МЭС могут быть задействованы в технологиях последовательного и параллельного автономного вождения.

STUDYING DEVELOPMENT OF POST-VACCINAL CELLULAR IMMUNITY AGAINST BRUCELLOSIS BY MEANS OF LYMPHOCYTE <i>IN VITRO</i> TESTS USING AN EXPERIMENTAL ANTIGENIC COMPLEX

Regulatory framework and methodological approaches to evaluation of immunological effects of vaccination against brucellosis are not established, and the degree of immunological post-vaccinal rearrangement is not yet developed. Due to leading role of cellular immunity in formation of immune protection against brucellosis, evaluation the cellular response in response to antigenic stimulation may be considered the most informative and objective approach to analysis of immune changes in the body during vaccination. In order to develop the most diagnostically informative methods for design of antigen-stimulation cell tests in vitro, a careful selection of a stimulating agent (antigen) is required, which should have a sufficient activating potential, thus providing specificity of reaction under in vitro conditions. The aim of the present study is to study the in vitro specific activity of a protein-polysaccharide antigenic complex from the Brucella abortus 19 BA strain (BrAg), and an opportunity of its application in order to assess the formation of post-vaccinal cellular immunity against brucellosis.The study was performed with white laboratory mice (n = 50) immunized with the Brucella abortus 19 BA strain. The control group (n = 50) consisted of laboratory mice that received a sterile saline solution in a volume of 0.5 ml. Blood samples were taken from immunized and control animals before vaccination, and 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after immunization. By means of flow cytometry, the activation molecules CD25, CD69, MHC II and CD95, expressed on T lymphocytes (CD3+CD69+, CD3+CD25+, CD3+CD95+, CD3+MHC+) were determined. To observe the development of immunity, the intensity of expression of T lymphocyte activation markers was calculated using the stimulation quotient. BrAg was used for specific in vitro stimulation of T lymphocytes. The liquid brucellosis allergen (brucellin) was used as an antigen for comparison, when studying opportunity of BrAg usage for assessing the postvaccinal immunity development.The following results were obtained: BrAg has pronounced specific activity, it did not cause non-specific in vitro reactions (activation) of T lymphocytes, thus enabling its application as a test antigen when evaluating development of adaptive vaccine immunity against brucella.Experimental testing of brucellosis antigen for carrying out the in vitro antigen-stimulated cellular reactions, aiming for evaluation of post-vaccinal immunity development against brucellosis, showed that the usage of BrAg promotes increase in diagnostic sensitivity of cellular reactions under in vitro experimental conditions. The applied experimental antigen is a quite promising tool for development of laboratory algorithms for brucellosis diagnostics, and assessment of actual vaccination efficiency in cohorts previously vaccinated against brucellosis

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Using Magnoimmunosorbents for the Selective Concentration of Anthrax Agent Spores

The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the developed anthrax magnoimmunosorbents (MIS) for the selective concentration of Bacillus anthracis spores and to increase the sensitivity of anthrax agent detection techniques, including when testing soil samples.Materials and methods. We used 10 vaccine strains of B. anthracis and 30 strains of closely related bacilli of the genus Bacillus (B. cereus – 15, B. thuringiensis – 10, B. megaterium – 5) with typical species properties. The work was performed on three experimental batches of magnoimmunosorbents. DNA extraction and PCR setting was carried out in compliance with the instructions for reagent panel for B. anthracis DNA detection “ApliSens Bacillus anthracis-FRT”.Results and discussion. It is shown that when using MIS, the sensitivity of the cultural method is increased by at least 7 times (taking into account the possibility of sorption of 1–10 or more spores on a sorbent particle). The sensitivity of the PCR method is improved by 10 times and amounts to 50 B. anthracis spores per 1 ml for the samples concentrated with the help of MIS. The sensitivity of the bacteriological method using MIS increases by a factor of 7.5 when testing the artificially contaminated with B. anthracis soil samples. Hence, application of the developed MIS makes it possible to significantly enhance the sensitivity of anthrax agent detection methods and can be considered as an effective means of sample preparation for the investigation of environmental objects (soil)

Assessment of the Application of Erythrocytal Diagnosticum (Lyophilizate) in Detecting Tularemia Agent in Natural Foci

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease with a wide geographical dissemination, and its causative agent Francisella tularensis can be used as a bioterrorism agent. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of a set of reagents “Erythrocytic immunoglobulin dry tularemia diagnosticum” (“DET-Ig”) with the help of control test strains and field material from natural tularemia foci. Materials and methods. Using the introduced erythrocyte diagnosticum, we studied the decontaminated cultures of test strains (F. tularensis Miura, F. tularensis 55, F. tularensis Schu, F. tularensis 15 NIIEG, Brucella abortus 544, B. melitensis 16-M, B. suis 1330, and Yersinia enterocolitica 64, Y. enterocolitica 178, Y. enterocolitica 383) and environmental samples suspected of containing F. tularensis. Results and discussion. It has been proven that the developed diagnosticum is specific, sensitive, and easy to use for routine diagnostics of tularemia. In the course of laboratory tests of the experimental series of the DET-Ig reagent kit, the possibility of qualitative determination of the tularemia agent in bacterial cultures, biological material and environmental samples in the reaction of indirect hemagglutination was demonstrated. Comparison of the results of use of erythrocyte diagnosticum in liquid and lyophilized forms showed the advantages of drugs after lyophilization: the possibility of transportation and long-term storage at any temperature conditions in various climatic conditions; the setting of the reaction is possible without the use of special diluents. The guaranteed storage term is set for two years (observation period). The results obtained indicate the prospects of introducing the developed drug into healthcare practice

Development of a protective lyophilisation medium and conditions to stabilise the erythrocyte diagnostic preparation of tularaemia immunoglobulin

Liquid erythrocyte diagnostic preparations have a practical disadvantage; i.e., long-distance transportation involving possible non-compliance with cold-chain requirements may result in a complete loss of biological activity. A lyophilisation technology is necessary to ensure that the preparations retain their original properties for a long time. The aim of the work was to develop a protective medium and conditions for lyophilisation to stabilise the erythrocyte diagnostic preparation of tularaemia immunoglobulin. Materials and methods: Gelatin, thiourea, trehalose, sucrose, dextran, and Tween 80 were used as excipients for protective media. The authors used nine strains of homologous and heterologous microorganisms of different genera and species to control the lyophilised diagnostic preparation sensitivity and specificity. Evaluation of the main stability-related quality attributes (appearance of the dried preparation, loss on drying, solubility, appearance after reconstitution, appearance after settling, sensitivity, specificity) considered the temperatures specific to the climatic zones where the in vitro diagnostics is intended to be marketed and used. Results: The authors developed protective stabilising media with different compositions, used them in freeze-drying of the preparation and carried out control testing. The most promising was the lyophilisation medium containing a smaller amount of ingredients —6% of dextran, 0.06% of Tween 80 and up to 0.01% of sodium azide—as it was the simplest one to prepare and ensured complete preservation of the quality attributes. The authors carried out practical evaluation of lyophilisation procedures, and the 12–14-hour procedure proved to be the most cost-effective. Conclusions: The results of long-term, or real time, and accelerated stability testing of the lyophilised diagnostic preparation demonstrated the possibility of two-year storage at a labelled temperature of 2–8 °C, as well as at elevated and low temperatures of 30±2 °С and –18 °С, respectively. The tests showed no negative effects of the temperatures on the controlled quality attributes

Разработка защитной среды высушивания и режима лиофилизации для стабилизации диагностикума эритроцитарного туляремийного иммуноглобулинового

Liquid erythrocyte diagnostic preparations have a practical disadvantage; i.e., long-distance transportation involving possible non-compliance with cold-chain requirements may result in a complete loss of biological activity. A lyophilisation technology is necessary to ensure that the preparations retain their original properties for a long time. The aim of the work was to develop a protective medium and conditions for lyophilisation to stabilise the erythrocyte diagnostic preparation of tularaemia immunoglobulin. Materials and methods: Gelatin, thiourea, trehalose, sucrose, dextran, and Tween 80 were used as excipients for protective media. The authors used nine strains of homologous and heterologous microorganisms of different genera and species to control the lyophilised diagnostic preparation sensitivity and specificity. Evaluation of the main stability-related quality attributes (appearance of the dried preparation, loss on drying, solubility, appearance after reconstitution, appearance after settling, sensitivity, specificity) considered the temperatures specific to the climatic zones where the in vitro diagnostics is intended to be marketed and used. Results: The authors developed protective stabilising media with different compositions, used them in freeze-drying of the preparation and carried out control testing. The most promising was the lyophilisation medium containing a smaller amount of ingredients —6% of dextran, 0.06% of Tween 80 and up to 0.01% of sodium azide—as it was the simplest one to prepare and ensured complete preservation of the quality attributes. The authors carried out practical evaluation of lyophilisation procedures, and the 12–14-hour procedure proved to be the most cost-effective. Conclusions: The results of long-term, or real time, and accelerated stability testing of the lyophilised diagnostic preparation demonstrated the possibility of two-year storage at a labelled temperature of 2–8 °C, as well as at elevated and low temperatures of 30±2 °С and –18 °С, respectively. The tests showed no negative effects of the temperatures on the controlled quality attributes.Практическое применение эритроцитарных диагностических препаратов выявило недостатки, связанные с их транспортировкой на значительные расстояния с возможным несоблюдением режимов холодовой цепи, что может привести к полной потере их биологической активности. Для стабилизации основных свойств жидких форм эритроцитарных диагностических препаратов в настоящее время необходима разработка технологии получения лиофилизированных форм диагностикумов, которая позволит сохранить первоначальные свойства препарата в течение длительного времени. Цель работы: разработка защитной среды высушивания и режима лиофилизации для стабилизации диагностикума эритроцитарного туляремийного иммуноглобулинового. Материалы и методы: были использованы вспомогательные вещества для подготовки защитных сред (желатин, тиомочевина, трегалоза, сахароза, декстран, твин 80). Для контроля чувствительности и специфичности лиофилизированных диагностикумов использовали 9 штаммов гомологичных и гетерологичных микроорганизмов разных родов и видов. При изучении стабильности основных показателей качества препаратов для диагностики in vitro (внешний вид высушенного препарата; потеря в массе при высушивании; растворимость, внешний вид восстановленного препарата; внешний вид препарата после отстаивания; чувствительность; специфичность) учитывали температуры различных климатических зон, в которых предполагается их реализация и использование. Результаты: разработаны и использованы стабилизирующие защитные среды с различным составом, с последующей сублимационной сушкой препарата и постановкой контрольных исследований. Наиболее перспективной признана среда высушивания для эритроцитарных диагностикумов, содержащая в своем составе меньшее количество ингредиентов — 6% декстрана, 0,06% твин 80 и азид натрия до 0,01%, как наиболее простая в исполнении и обеспечивающая полное сохранение качественных показателей препарата. Отработан рентабельный 12–14-часовой режим лиофилизации. Выводы: по совокупности полученных результатов изучения стабильности в реальном времени (долговременная стабильность) и ускоренном исследовании стабильности лиофилизированных форм диагностикума показана возможность хранения в течение двух лет при регламентированной температуре от 2 до 8 °С, а также в условиях повышенных и пониженных температур при 30±2 °С и минус 18 °С соответственно. Отрицательного влияния указанных температур на результаты контролируемых показателей не выявлено