Iterated function systems, representations, and Hilbert space

This paper studies a general class of Iterated Function Systems (IFS). No contractivity assumptions are made, other than the existence of some compact attractor. The possibility of escape to infinity is considered. Our present approach is based on Hilbert space, and the theory of representations of the Cuntz algebras O_n, n=2,3,.... While the more traditional approaches to IFS's start with some equilibrium measure, ours doesn't. Rather, we construct a Hilbert space directly from a given IFS; and our construction uses instead families of measures. Starting with a fixed IFS S_n, with n branches, we prove existence of an associated representation of O_n, and we show that the representation is universal in a certain sense. We further prove a theorem about a direct correspondence between a given system S_n, and an associated sub-representation of the universal representation of O_n.Comment: 22 pages, 3 figures containing 7 EPS graphics; LaTeX2e ("elsart" document class); v2 reflects change in Comments onl

Electronically Variable Pressure Regulator (EVPR)

A new programmable electronically variable pressure regulator (EVPR) concept accurately controls the local outlet or remote system pressure. It uses an integral pulse width modulated rare earth permanent magnet motor operating in response to redundant pressure transducer feedback signals. The EVPR is a simple single stage device that does not use dynamic seals or pilot valving. Conversion of partial revolution motor torque to poppet lifting force is accomplished by pure flexure action to avoid using bearings. The flexure drive (called the ROTAX) has a variable lead to minimize motor weight and power consumption. Breadboard tests were completed successfully on two critical design elements of the EVPR: the ROTAX and the motor. The ROTAX cable system was tested for 250,000 cycles without failure. The breadboard motor met the basic design requirements including the design torque and power consumption. Prototype parts were fabricated, and testing of the prototype EVPR has started. It is PC computer controlled to facilitate programming, data acquisition and analysis. A lightweight dedicated microprocessor is planned for the flightweight EVPR

Minimizers with discontinuous velocities for the electromagnetic variational method

The electromagnetic two-body problem has \emph{neutral differential delay} equations of motion that, for generic boundary data, can have solutions with \emph{discontinuous} derivatives. If one wants to use these neutral differential delay equations with \emph{arbitrary} boundary data, solutions with discontinuous derivatives must be expected and allowed. Surprisingly, Wheeler-Feynman electrodynamics has a boundary value variational method for which minimizer trajectories with discontinuous derivatives are also expected, as we show here. The variational method defines continuous trajectories with piecewise defined velocities and accelerations, and electromagnetic fields defined \emph{by} the Euler-Lagrange equations \emph{% on} trajectory points. Here we use the piecewise defined minimizers with the Li{\'{e}}nard-Wierchert formulas to define generalized electromagnetic fields almost everywhere (but on sets of points of zero measure where the advanced/retarded velocities and/or accelerations are discontinuous). Along with this generalization we formulate the \emph{generalized absorber hypothesis} that the far fields vanish asymptotically \emph{almost everywhere%} and show that localized orbits with far fields vanishing almost everywhere \emph{must} have discontinuous velocities on sewing chains of breaking points. We give the general solution for localized orbits with vanishing far fields by solving a (linear) neutral differential delay equation for these far fields. We discuss the physics of orbits with discontinuous derivatives stressing the differences to the variational methods of classical mechanics and the existence of a spinorial four-current associated with the generalized variational electrodynamics.Comment: corrected minor typo: piecewise differentiable on closed instead of open interval

Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization Effects on Camelina Sativa in West Central Kansas

Camelina sativa is early maturing and possesses characteristics that make it a good fit as a rotation crop in dryland wheat cropping systems. Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) play very important roles in oilseed production, including camelina. This study was conducted over 3 years to determine N and S rates necessary for optimum camelina production in west central Kansas. The experiment was set up as randomized complete blocks with four replications in a split-plot arrangement. Treatments were two sulfur rates (0 and 18 lb/a) as the main plots, and four N rates (0, 20, 40, and 80 lb/a) as the sub-plot. Sulfur application did not affect stand count, biomass yield, harvest index, seed yield, oil and protein content. However, stand count, biomass yield, seed yield, and protein content were affected by N application (P \u3c 0.05). Average oil and protein content were 28.1% and 33.9% respectively. The optimum N rate for yield was 20 lb N/a, which produced around 680 lb/a seed yield. Based on soil test levels of 25 lb N/a, N requirement for camelina production is 45 lb N/a

Seeding Date Effects on Camelina Seed Yield and Quality Traits

An alternative crop with potential for dryland crop production in the Great Plains is camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz). Time of planting is an important management consideration that can affect camelina production. A study was carried out in the spring of 2013, 2014, and 2015 to evaluate seeding date effects on spring camelina varieties grown under dryland conditions in western Kansas. Three spring varieties (Blaine Creek, Pronghorn, and Shoshone) were planted at three seeding dates: early (April 3, 2013; March 17, 2014; and March 18, 2015); mid (April 16, 2013; April 1, 2014; and April 1, 2015); and late (April 30, 2013; April 15, 2014; and April 15, 2015). Parameters collected included time of flowering and physiological maturity, stand count at maturity, seed yield, biomass yield, harvest index, oil and protein content. Our findings indicate that seeding date can affect the time of flowering and physiological maturity, stand count, seed yield, biomass yield, harvest index, and protein content, but it did not affect oil content. Harvest index and oil content was significantly different among varieties. In general, mid and late seeding dates produced the highest yield across the three years. There were yield differences among varieties; Blaine Creek produced the highest seed yield and was significantly different from Pronghorn and Shoshone. Seed yield ranged between 340 and 440 lb/a. Average oil and protein content was 26% and 30%, respectively. Based on environmental factors and agronomic characteristics, camelina varieties were more productive when planted between early and mid-April

Biochar and Nitrogen Effects on Winter Wheat Growth

Biochar, a co-product of thermochemical bioenergy production, may be a valuable soil amendment, but little is known about its potential long-term effects on plant growth and soil fertility. In order to gain more information, this experiment was performed to see if the addition of biochar, in comparison to lime and fertilizer treatments, has the potential to return key nutrients back to the soil or increase crop yield. A field study to investigate the effects of biochar on plant growth was initiated in 2011 near St. John, KS. Treatments included biochar applied at 16.6 ton/a (biochar), lime and annual applications of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (lime+P&K), and a control. Four rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer were applied within each treatment (0, 45, 90, and 135 lb N/a). Winter wheat was planted in 2015 and harvested in 2016. The biochar treatment had greater wheat yield and better plant growth than the control but it was similar to the lime+P&K treatment. The greater yields from the biochar and the lime+P&K were likely due to increased soil pH from the lime and biochar. Biochar appears to be an effective method of supplying phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and increasing soil pH, and there was no effect on nitrogen availability

Reducing Electrical Power Demand for Industries

A typical industry has an electric power demand that is in excess of its needs. This condition places an unnecessary burden upon the industry and contributes to the current energy crisis. Reduction of demand may be accomplished by a number of methods of control that are examined and evaluated. Standard techniques of engineering analyses and engineering economy have been used to study and analyze an industry selected as an example

Restriction polymorphism maps of Neurospora crassa: 1998 update.

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) can be used to determine the approximate map location of any cloned piece of DNA. To establish an RFLP mapping system for N. crassa, R.L. Metzenberg and coworkers crossed strains with multiple sequence differences, Oak Ridge laboratory strains (designated O ) and a Mauriceville-1c wild-collected strain (designated M ; Metzenberg et al. 1984 Neurospora Newsl. 31:35-39; ibid. 1985 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.82:2067-2071; Metzenberg and Grotelueschen 1995 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 42:82-90). Progeny from two separate crosses have been widely distributed and used for mapping. For the first cross, 38 progeny from ordered asci were analyzed; since nonsister spores from the same half of the ascus were selected, first-division segregation can be distinguished from second-division. For the second cross only 18 random ascospore progeny were analyzed, and the small numbers limit resolution capabilities. Given this limitation, we encourage researchers to use the first cross for RFLP mapping. However, updated maps for both crosses are presented here