Brain metabolites in ISIAH and Wistar rats

Hypertension is one of the most common human diseases. This disease leads to serious disturbances such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Due to the development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS), a decrease in neuron viability in different parts of the brain in humans with hypertension has been shown. Translation of NMRS tools to the clinic requires the accumulation of empirical data about neurometabolic changes in a strictly controlled experiment. It is particularly interesting to compare the metabolic parameters of laboratory animals with normal and high blood pressure kept in standard conditions on exactly the same diet. In this study, cortex and hypothalamus metabolites of ISIAH and Wistar male rats at the age of 8–9 weeks were examined. Cortex and hypothalamus metabolites were measured in animals under isoflurane anesthesia using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1Н MRS). Processing of primary data using Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) allowed us to identify the main discriminating axis (Y1), its variations reflecting the predominance of excitatory neurometabolites (glutamine and glutamate) over inhibitory ones (GABA and glycine). In the cortex, the values of the Y1-axis were lower in ISIAH than in Wistar rats. This fact indicates a decrease in cortical excitability in hypertensive animals. By contrast, in the hypothalamus, the values of the Y1-axis were higher in ISIAH than in Wistar rats and the predominance of excitatory neurometabolites positively correlated with the level of mean blood pressure, which agrees well with the view of caudal hypothalamic activation in hypertensive animal models

The effect of a single administration of streptozotocin on hippocampus metabolites in NODSCID mice

The significant increase in the number of people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in recent years makes studies of this problem topical. The persistent hyperglycemia accompanying the development and course of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can affect the func-tional and structural levels of the organization of the central nervous system. These changes may be medi­ated by metabolic aberrations. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a common method of intravital detection of metabolic reactions. In this study, MRS of the hippocampus of NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NcrCrl mice (NODSCID) was performed 4 days after the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) to assess the effect of STZ itself, and 60 days after the administration of STZ to another group of animals to assess the effect of chronic hyperglycemia caused by the delayed ef­fect of STZ, involving the death of pancreatic β-cells. The simulation of T1DM by STZ administration is used worldwide. Nevertheless, the question remains whether there is a short-term effect of the introduc­tion of STZ at the level of hippocampal metabolites recorded by MRS. The comparison of experimental and control animal groups revealed no effect of STZ on metabolites in the hippocampus of NODSCID mice on day 4 after its administration. In contrast, another comparison of the experimental and control animals on day 60 after STZ administration showed elevated contents of alanine and taurine, and a reduced lactate content. Thus, the introduction of STZ itself does not affect the metabolism of the hippocampus, and MRS is a promising method for assessing the effect of T1DM on brain metabolism in animals

Prevention of traumatic brain injury complications in sports

The aim of the review is to inform doctors and trainers of sports teams about technologies that prevent complications of sport brain injuries (SBI). Low levels of visibility of clinical manifestations, specific characteristics of individual reactions to injury, anti-aggravation behavior among sportsmen, absence of unbiased methods of diagnostics of SBI are the main reasons behind underestimation of the severity of trauma. Treatment and rehabilitation procedures of mild SBI do not currently consider specific characteristics of trauma, associated with the increase in body and brain temperature and reduced cerebral perfusion during the traumatizing intervention. Injury of the brain causes an increase in cerebral temperature, which, in turn, can aggravate the consequences of traumatization. The control of the temperature of the brain can be achieved with non-invasive method of microwave radiometry, while the technology of craniocerebral hypothermia (CCH), which has evident neuroprotective properties, can aid in the prevention of complications of SBI

Radioluminescence properties of nanocomposite scintillators with BaF 2 fillers

In this paper, studies of the luminescence properties of nanocrystalline BaF 2 samples synthesized by laser ablation and pulse electron beam evaporation method are presented. The measurements of X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) showed the dependence between luminescence intensity and the shape of the spectrum on the morphology and particle size. Also, studies of X-ray excited luminescence, decay curves and optical transmittance for nanocomposite materials containing BaF 2 nanopowder are presented. Barium fluoride nanopowder, obtained by pulsed electron beam evaporation method is characterized by a lower intensity than the initial microcrystalline powder, but at the same time, XEL spectrum of the nanocomposite material with this nanocrystalline filler is more intense, then that for nanocomposite material with initial powder. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Study of the neuronal response to olfactory stimuli in control and LPS-stimulated mice by functional magnetic resonance imaging

Olfactory perception plays the key role in the inter­action of animals with biotic factors of the species-specific econiche. Identification of odorants informs nocturnal animals about social environment, presence of predators, or infected food. Olfactory efficiency depends on physiological conditions; in particular, odor sensitivity can be changed by infection. This work considers use of fMRI in the study of the influence of innate immunity activation on neuronal response during perception and differentiation of socially significant (2.5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-heptanon) and socially insignificant (1-hexanol and isoprene) olfactory stimuli by CD-1 mice. We stimulated innate immunity by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at the dose 500 µg/kg three hours before tomography. Urethane anesthesia was used during MRI trail. Odor stimulation was done with a lab-made metering unit for supplying standard doses of volatile organic compounds. The supply of olfactory stimuli induced activation of neurons in the primary perceptual center and the centers of secondary processing of olfactory information. Olfactory stimulus type affected neuronal response rate in an olfactory bulb but did not affect response parameters in other brain regions studied. This increase in neuronal activity is likely to be of adaptive significance as a mechanism supporting olfactory sensitivity increase, which plays the key role in the identification of potential sources of infection

Effect of self-organization and properties of aqueous disperse systems based on the moss peptide PpCLE2 in a low concentration range on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. It is shown for the first time using a complex of physicochemical methods (dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, conductometry, pH-metry) that below a threshold concentration of 1.0•10 –7 mol L –1 the disperse phase of the aqueous systems based on moss peptide PpCLE2 undergoes the domain—nanoassociate rearrangement, which affects the nonmonotonic concentration dependences of the specific electrical conductivity and pH and can result in a multidirectional profile of the dependence of the growth of the primary and lateral roots of the Arabidopsis thaliana seed plant in the range of calculated concentrations from 1.0•10 –6 to 1.0•10 –12 mol L –1

Синдром пароксизмальной симпатической гиперактивности (обзор)

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is one of the complications of acute severe brain injuries (traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemia, and posthypoxic conditions) in both adults and children. Its high incidence and severe sequelae including organ dysfunction, infectious complications, impaired blood supply to organs and tissues associate with increased disability and mortality. The choice of effective therapy can be challenging because of multifaceted manifestations, diagnostic difficulties, and lack of a clear understanding of the pathophysiology of PSH. Currently, there are various local and international treatment strategies for PSH.The aim of the review is to summarize clinical and scientific research data on diagnosis and treatment of PSH to aid in the selection of an effective therapy.Material and methods. Web of Science, Scopus and RSCI databases were employed to select 80 sources containing relevant clinical and research data on the subject of this review.Results. The key principles of diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity have been reviewed. The current views on etiology and pathogenesis of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity development were outlined. The clinical data concerning complications and sequelae of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity were analyzed. We conclude the review with a discussion of current methods of the syndrome prevention.Conclusion. Preventing PSH and its adequate and prompt treatment could help avoid the abnormal pathway development following a severe brain injury, reduce its negative consequences and rate of complications, along with the duration of mechanical lung ventilation, patient's stay in ICU, disability and mortality rates. Careful selection of pathogenetic, symptomatic and supportive therapy significantly improves the rehabilitation potential of patients.Одним из осложнений острого тяжелого повреждения мозга (черепно-мозговая травма, внутричерепные кровоизлияния, ишемия, постгипоксические состояния) как у взрослых, так и у детей является развитие синдрома пароксизмальной симпатической гиперактивности (ПСГА). Высокая частота его встречаемости и тяжелые негативные последствия: органная дисфункция, инфекционные осложнения, нарушения трофики органов и тканей, приводят к повышению инвалидизации и смертности. Сложности в подборе эффективной терапии связаны с многообразием симптомов, трудностями диагностики, отсутствием четкого понимания патофизиологии ПСГА. В настоящее время существуют различные зарубежные и отечественные схемы лечения ПСГА.Цель обзора — обобщить данные клинических и научных исследований по диагностике и лечению синдрома ПСГА для облегчения подбора эффективной терапии.Материал. В базах данных Web of Science, Scopus и РИНЦ отобрали 80 источников, содержавших актуальные данные клинических и научных исследований по теме данного обзора.Результаты. Рассмотрели основные принципы диагностики и лечения пароксизмальной симпатической гиперактивности; описали современные представления об этиологии и патогенезе развития пароксизмальной симпатической гиперактивности; привели клинические данные, касающиеся развития осложнений пароксизмальной симпатической гиперактивности; проанализировали клинические последствия и описали современные методы профилактики развития синдрома пароксизмальной симпатической гиперактивности.Заключение. Профилактика развития ПСГА, его адекватное и своевременное лечение позволяют предотвратить формирование патологической доминанты (мы рассматриваем ПСГА именно как одну из патологических доминант, формирующихся при тяжелом повреждении ГМ), уменьшить негативные последствия этого синдрома, снизить число осложнений, длительность ИВЛ и пребывания боль- ного в ОРИТ, инвалидизацию и смертность. Подбор патогенетической, симптоматической, а затем поддерживающей терапии значительно улучшает реабилитационный потенциал пациентов

Selective Brain Hypothermia in the Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Consciousness Disorders

Aim: to evaluate clinical effectiveness of selective hypothermia of cerebral cortex for the recovery of awareness in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (CDC).   Material and methods. 111 patients with CDC 30 and more days after a cerebral event (ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, brain injury) were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were anoxic brain injury (sequelae of a prolonged asystole or asphyxia), active sepsis, arrhythmia, baseline hypothermia (body temperature lower than 35.5 °С). Experimental group included 60 patients, of them 39 patients were in a vegetative state (VS), 21 patients exhibited patterns of minimally conscious state (MCS). Control group incluted 51 patients, of them 32 patients were in VS and 19 patients were in MCS. Patients in the experimental group received 10 sessions (120 minutes each) of selective brain hypothermia (SBH) during the 14-days follow-up period. Patients of both groups received standard identical neurological treatment and rehabilitation procedures. Patients in the control group did not undergo brain hypothermia. The induction of SBH involved cooling of the whole surface of the craniocerebral area of scalp using special helmets. The temperature of the internal surface of the helmet was 3–7 °С. Temperature of the frontal lobes of the cortex was monitored with non-invasive microwave radiothermometry, axillary temperature was also registered. The level of consciousness was evaluated using «Coma Recovery Scale-Revised» (CRS-R) scale.   Results. 120-minutes long SBH session reduced the temperature of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex by 2.4–3.1 °С with no impact on the axillary temperature. Evaluation using CRS-R revealed improvement in all studied functions (auditory, visual, motor, oromotor, communication, arousal) in patients in the experimental group after 10 SBH sessions. Level of consciousness in patients from the experimental group in VS increased from 4.5 ± 0.33 to 8.7 ± 0.91 points (P < 0.001), for patients in MCS from 11.3 ± 1.0 to 18.2 ± 0.70 (P < 0.001) points. In the control group, scores of patients in VS rose from 4.3 ± 0.37 to 6.8 ± 0.49 (P < 0.001) points with the most significant changes in auditory and visual functions (P<0.001). In the control group of patients in MCS the oromotor function improved (P < 0.05), overall CRS-R scores changed insignificantly from 9.1 ± 0.57 to 10.1 ± 0.86 (P < 0.1). The best outcome (CRS-R > 19 points) was seen in patients from the experimental group [6 in VS (15.4 %) and 8 in MCS (31.8 %)]. In the control group, the best results did not exceed 10 points for the patents in VS, while 4 patients in MCS (21 %) reached 12–16 scores. During 30-day follow-up period of hospitalization after the SBH sessions mortality rate was 10 % (6 patients) in the experimental group and 21.6% (11 patients) in the control group.   Conclusion. Patients with CDC could benefit from serial SBH sessions performed as a part of comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation strategy. We suggest that selective reduction of frontal lobe temperature improves neurogenesis, neuronal regeneration, and neuroplasticity

NMR metabolic profiling of the liver following administrationof alcohol andthemushroom Ganoderma lucidum in rats

We have evaluated the efficiency of a metabonomic approach to metabolic phenotyping and detection of early metabolic changes under a toxic influence. For this purpose, a metabolic profiling of rat liver was performed with 1H NMR spectroscopy. Rat tissues from animals in three groups were analyzed. Group C consisted of control animals; animals in group A received alcohol repeatedly (15 % ethanol); and animals in group A+ R received alcohol in combination with a hepatoprotective herbal medicine (Reishi, Ganoderma lucidum) repeatedly. Noteworthy, alcohol consumption did not cause pathological changes, but stimulated hepatocyte proliferation. Our data suggest that changes in metabolite concentrations in A represent a typical metabolic response to alcohol consumption, namely decrease in glycine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, choline and lactate content, and increase in TMAO content. Treatment with Reishi (A+ R) had positive effects, in that it restored the levels of glycine, valine and TMAO. Furthermore, increase in NAD, ATP, UTP, succinate, pyranose, and acetate concentrations was observed in A+ R. A correlation was found between the valine, isoleucine, lactate, cho­line, and pyranose content and the num­ber of binuclear hepatocytes. Binuclear hepatocytes indicate proliferative activity, and the concentration of the metabolites participating in the formation of new hepatic cells decreases. Thus, the study of liver tissues by 1H NMR spectroscopy allows for detection of early changes in metabolite concentra­tions following chronic consumption of alcohol at insignificant doses. Consequently, 1H NMR spectro­scopy can serve as a promising approach to detecting alcohol-related liver pathologies and assessing the efficiency of the therapy used