Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on lettuce in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey: Incidence, population fluctuations, and flight activities

Lettuce is an important crop consumed fresh during winter and spring time. In the past 20 years, aphids have emerged as a major pest problem in lettuce fields of eastern Mediterranean region in Turkey. In this paper, we conducted survey studies to determine aphid species of lettuce and also monitored their population and flight activity during growing season of 2009-2010. Seven aphid species, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), Myzus (Nectarosiphon) persicae (Sulzer), Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) and Pemphigus bursarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were determined in the region. Nasonovia ribisnigri emerged as the most common among these aphid species. An increase in population was detected in the first plantation lettuce field in November (2009), but another peak was also observed in March (2010) in the second planting period of lettuce during the study which aimed to determine aphid population fluctuations in lettuce fields. In addition, there was no aphid detected during the third planting period of lettuce when milk formation (bitter) occurred and temperature increased. The twelve aphid species that were determined in total were collected by water pan trapping during the study to determine the flight activity of aphids, while six of them were also observed in fields. Hyperomyzus lactucae (41%), N. ribisnigri (16%), and M. (N.) persicae (24%) accounted for 81% of the individuals captured in traps. The flight activity patterns of N. ribisnigri in traps were quite similar to those observed in the field

Olive oil consumption attitudes as a healthy food: A survey study on young consumers

This aim of the study is to examine consumption patterns and purchase behaviour of young consumers (15-27 years old) for olive oil which is a healthy, natural and traditional food. A face to face consumer survey was used to gather information. The results show that, age differences affect consumption behaviour. The primary factor affecting the consumption of olive oil among the young consumers is health and this factor is followed by taste. Young consumers are extremely sensitive on price in terms of their purchase decisions and they highly prefer extra virgin olive oil and shows low interest on gourmet olive oils. In terms of quality perception, it has been determined that young consumers pay attention to consistency and they do not care on the region and variety of the olive. In addition, it has been determined that young consumers are willing to pay more for organic and traditionally processed olive oils