15 research outputs found

    Natural History of Tuberculosis: Duration and Fatality of Untreated Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV Negative Patients: A Systematic Review

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    Background The prognosis, specifically the case fatality and duration, of untreated tuberculosis is important as many patients are not correctly diagnosed and therefore receive inadequate or no treatment. Furthermore, duration and case fatality of tuberculosis are key parameters in interpreting epidemiological data. Methodology and Principal Findings To estimate the duration and case fatality of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV negative patients we reviewed studies from the pre-chemotherapy era. Untreated smear-positive tuberculosis among HIV negative individuals has a 10-year case fatality variously reported between 53% and 86%, with a weighted mean of 70%. Ten-year case fatality of culture-positive smear-negative tuberculosis was nowhere reported directly but can be indirectly estimated to be approximately 20%. The duration of tuberculosis from onset to cure or death is approximately 3 years and appears to be similar for smear-positive and smear-negative tuberculosis. Conclusions Current models of untreated tuberculosis that assume a total duration of 2 years until self-cure or death underestimate the duration of disease by about one year, but their case fatality estimates of 70% for smear-positive and 20% for culture-positive smear-negative tuberculosis appear to be satisfactory

    Long-term bio-cultural heritage: exploring the intermediate disturbance hypothesis in agro-ecological landscapes (Mallorca, c. 1850–2012)

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    Arsitektur dalam Penanganan Ketergantungan Narkotika dengan Pendekatan Biophilic

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    Penyebaran narkoba tiap tahun semakin meningkat dan telah merusak bebagai kalangan. Akan tetapi proses pengobatan yang dilakukan seringkali tidak memperhatikan faktor lingkungan dan kebutuhan manusia. Proses rehabilitasi pengguna narkoba memerlukan tempat serta lingkungan yang dapat mengurangi penggunaan narkoba secara bertahap hingga sepenuhnya terlepas. Arsitektur dari tempat rehabilitasi sejatinya melebur dalam proses rehabilitasi itu sendiri. Arsitektur digunakan sebagai media dalam rehabilitasi, sehingga implementasi arsitektur dapat menyentuh tidak hanya fisik namun juga psikis manusia yang menempatinya. Pendekatan biophilic mengaplikasikan desain yang memuat elemen alam untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup, di dalamnya melibatkan kesehatan dan kesejahteraan fisiologis maupun psikologis manusia. Diharapkan konsep arsitektur ini dapat membantu proses rehabilitasi pengguna narkoba menjadi lebih efektif dan efisien
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