91 research outputs found
ADULT-ONSET STILL'S DISEASE: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
The paper describes adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), a rare multisystemic disease of unknown etiology that is referred to as seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. It presents the major manifestations of AOSD: long-term fever, arthritis or persistent arthralgias, maculopapular eruption, seronegativity for rheumatoid factor, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and disease onset after 16 years of age, as well as additional signs: lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, polyserositis, nasopharyngeal infection. It is noted that particular difficulties in the diagnosis of AOSD emerge when it is complicated by the hematophagocytic syndrome (HPS). The distinctive features of AOSD are the development of cutaneous and articular symptoms in practically 80% of patients and their absence in HPS. It is stated that of greater value in the diagnosis of HPS is examination of aspirate of the bone marrow than its biopsy. Most patients develop refractoriness to glucocorticoids and essential anti-inflammatory drugs. The positive results of using anakinra, rituximab, and tocilizumab are promising
The using of orthogonal basis for the steganographic coding of information in multimedia
This article discusses methods for steganographic encoding additional information using three different orthogonal bases. The bases are represented by the functions, which occupies a different bandwidth in the spectrum. There are comparison of the approach to the definition of DCT- coefficients with the approaches used in the methods of the spread spectrum and subband projections. The approaches of the coefficients of the implementation to ensure secrecy by adaptive determination of their value are considere
Estimation of Innovative Activity of the University
On the basis of Belgorod region innovation activity analysis, positive relationship between shipped innovation items and domestic research and development costs was found. Semantic differential was used for multiple estimation of BelSU innovation activity and competiveness. BelSU integrated index showed high-enough innovation activity of this universityyesBelgorod State Universit
Genesis of the Russiaβs economy innovative development
The innovative development of economy in Russia is possible only if the way of development will be based on the objective basic components, i.e. the corresponding system of premises and factors determining the innovative process. Namely the latter ensure a transformation of the fundamental processes into the application ones, as well as the dynamic development of the economy under the new trends and patterns influenceyesBelgorod State Universit
Gender features of depressive disorders in women
The authors give the data available in the literature and the results of their investigations of the gender features of depressive disorders inΒ women. They analyze the results of studies relating to gender differences in the neurohormonal system from the embryonic period, as well asΒ those in the lateralization of neuromorphofunctional provision of emotions. Based on their clinical observations, the authors discuss the varyingΒ roles of menopause in the etiopathogenesis of climacteric, psychogenic, and endogenous depression; in these forms of depression, menopauseΒ may be a cause, ground, or trigger, respectively. The influence of endocrine and sociopsychological factors on the development of postpartumΒ depression is considered. The authors unveil the diagnostic and predictive value of premenopausal syndrome with depressive disorders at differentΒ stages of a depressive episode: the prediction of depression when depressive symptoms appear in the premenopausal period, as well as theΒ reduction of premenopausal depressive disorders as evidence of intermission. Based on the data available in the literature, the authorsΒ consider the clinical features of depression in women: earlier onset; more frequent depressive episodes; greater presentation of atypical symptomsΒ (anxiety, fatigue, increased appetite, weight gain, hypersomnia, and signs of somatization), as well as rarer suicidal tendencies as comparedto men.Β It is concluded that the gender features of depression in women are due to the whole complex of gender factors, such as neurophysiological, neuroendocrine,Β and sociopsychological ones
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in complex therapy for pain syndrome in rheumatology. The paper describes the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the development of chronic and acute pain. It details the action of cyclooxygenase types 1 and 2 (COG 1 and COG 2), shows the key role of COG 2 in pain induction and transmission. The data of clinical trials of meloxicam that inhibits mainly COG 2 are given. The drug is highly effective in treating rheumatic diseases, particularly in old-age group patients with osteoporosis. The combined use of different meloxicam formulations makes it possible to choose adequate, maximally individualized treatment and to relieve the pain syndrome in the shortest possible time. Among NSAIDs, meloxicam shows an optimum efficacy-safety ratio.ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ (ΠΠΠΠ) ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π°Π·Ρ 1-Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ 2-Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² - Π¦ΠΠ 1 ΠΈ Π¦ΠΠ 2, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π¦ΠΠ 2 Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° - ΠΠΠΠ, ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π¦ΠΠ 2. ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ·Π΅ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΡΠΈΠ»Π»Π° Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ : Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
The paper describes adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), a rare multisystemic disease of unknown etiology that is referred to as seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. It presents the major manifestations of AOSD: long-term fever, arthritis or persistent arthralgias, maculopapular eruption, seronegativity for rheumatoid factor, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and disease onset after 16 years of age, as well as additional signs: lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, polyserositis, nasopharyngeal infection. It is noted that particular difficulties in the diagnosis of AOSD emerge when it is complicated by the hematophagocytic syndrome (HPS). The distinctive features of AOSD are the development of cutaneous and articular symptoms in practically 80% of patients and their absence in HPS. It is stated that of greater value in the diagnosis of HPS is examination of aspirate of the bone marrow than its biopsy. Most patients develop refractoriness to glucocorticoids and essential anti-inflammatory drugs. The positive results of using anakinra, rituximab, and tocilizumab are promising.ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΡΠΈΠ»Π»Π° Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
(Π‘Π‘Π) - ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅-Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π - Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°, Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΏΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ 16 Π»Π΅Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ - Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π‘Π‘Π Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ (ΠΠ€Π‘). ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ 80% Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡcΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ€Π‘. Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ€Π‘ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡ. Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΡ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π±Π°, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌΠ°Π±Π°
Detection of rifampicin and izoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Samara Region (Central Russia)
Recently high rates of tuberculosis incidence and prevalence
are observed in civilian and prisons sectors in Russia. One of the main reasons
for high morbidity levels and ineffectiveness of treatment is wide spreading of
drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, but accurate and comprehensive information on levels of drug resistance among strains circulating in
Central Russia is unavailable. Rifampicin and izoniazid resistance detection in TB isolates from
Samara (Central Russia) civilian and prison TB hospitals and dispensaries in
2000β2002 by revealing mutations in rpoB, katG and inhA genes using
Macroarray technique.
Methods: A total of 342 M. tuberculosis isolates were tested using Macroarray
method. It is based on multiplex amplification of rpoB, katG and inhA genes
fragments (with three pairs of biotin labeled primers) following by dothybridization with normal and mutant oligonucleotide probes (fragments of
rpoB, katG and inhA genes in which mutations occur) immobilized on nylon
membrane strips. Mycobacterial DNA was extracted by heating of cell
suspensions following by chloroform extraction. Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase color development system was used for visualization of results
Microevolution of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Russia.
Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB), which is resistant to both first- and second-line antibiotics, is an escalating problem, particularly in the Russian Federation. Molecular fingerprinting of 2348 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected in Samara Oblast, Russia, revealed that 72%belonged to the Beijing lineage, a genotype associated with enhanced acquisition of drug resistance and increased virulence. Whole-genome sequencing of 34 Samaran isolates, plus 25 isolates representing global M. tuberculosis complex diversity, revealed that Beijing isolates originating in Eastern Europe formed a monophyletic group. Homoplasic polymorphisms within this clade were almost invariably associated with antibiotic resistance, indicating that the evolution of this population is primarily driven by drug therapy. Resistance genotypes showed a strong correlation with drug susceptibility phenotypes. A novel homoplasic mutation in rpoC, found only in isolates carrying a common rpoB rifampicin-resistance mutation, may play a role in fitness compensation. Most multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates also had mutations in the promoter of a virulence gene, eis, which increase its expression and confer kanamycin resistance. Kanamycin therapy may thus select for mutants with increased virulence, helping preserve bacterial fitness and promoting transmission of drug-resistant TB strains. The East European clade was dominated by two MDR clusters, each disseminated across Samara. Polymorphisms conferring fluoroquinolone resistance were independently acquired multiple times within each cluster, indicating that XDR TB is currently not widely transmitted. Β© 2012 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Π ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ-Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ (ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅) Π¨Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π½Π°
The etiology of SjΡ gren's disease (syndrome) - SD, SS - is unknown; however, its frequent development in patients with hepatitis B or C or AIDS in infection with human lymphotropic virus type (HLTV-1) suggests the viral nature of the disease. A large body of data available in the literature shows the promise of studying the implication of viral infection in the development of SD and SS, at the early stages of the development in particular.ΠΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ (ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°) Π¨Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π½Π° (ΠΠ¨,Π‘Π¨) Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π, Π‘, Π‘ΠΠΠΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ 1-Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° (HLTV 1) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ¨ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
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