Study of the Structure and Parameters of Grid of Hydrogenated Butadiene Nitrile Rubber cross-linked with Polymer Peroxides

Abstract Studied the ro le of poly mer pero xide (1,4-b is-tret butyl pero xy isopropyl benzene) and triazine co mpounds (2-phenyl-4, 6-bis-trichloro methyl sym triazine) in hydrogenated butadiene nitrile rubber (HBNR) systems HBNR + Poly meric Pero xide, HBNR + Triazine Co mpounds under heating. By physical and chemical, spectral methods of analysis shown, that the changes in molecu lar structure of HBNR in the presence of poly mer pero xides and triazine co mpounds. Determined the kinetics of yield and the emergence of cross-linking density of the grid HBNR fo r each reaserched system depend on time . It is shown that cross linking of the HBNR with pero xide poly mers occurs by a radical type

Antibiotic therapy for acute respiratory viral infections in children:what do parents know about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance?

One of the causes of antibiotic resistance (AR) is irrational use of antibiotics (ABs) that are commonly administered to patients with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs). Rational AB use largely depends on the awareness of people. Objective. To analyze the awareness of people about AR and AB use, as well as to assess the attitude to AB therapy among parents of preschool children. Materials and methods. We conducted anonymous survey among 513 parents of preschool children in Tomsk. Results. Almost two-thirds (61.6%) of respondents admitted that their children received AB during cold/flu/ARVI. The most commonly used ABs were amoxicillin (62.3%), azithromycin (19.7%), and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (11.1%). The majority of patients administered ABs to their children only after doctor's prescription (80.4%) and adhered to treatment regimen (79.7%). A total of 65.8% respondents stated that doctors had explained why AB therapy was necessary. Nearly two out of three parents (62.4%) believed that ABs may have a negative impact on health. More than half of the respondents were aware of AR. Conclusion. The majority of parents use antibiotics to treat ARVI in their children only with doctor's prescription. However, we observed insufficient awareness about AR, AB use, and possible side effects, which necessitates the development of educational programs for the population

Future projections of cyclone activity in the Arctic for the 21st century from regional climate models (Arctic-CORDEX)

Changes in the characteristics of cyclone activity (frequency, depth and size) in the Arctic are analyzed based on simulations with state-of-the-art regional climate models (RCMs) from the Arctic-CORDEX initiative and global climate models (GCMs) from CMIP5 under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Most of RCMs show an increase of cyclone frequency in winter (DJF) and a decrease in summer (JJA) to the end of the 21st century. However, in one half of the RCMs, cyclones become weaker and substantially smaller in winter and deeper and larger in summer. RCMs as well as GCMs show an increase of cyclone frequency over the Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, north of Greenland, Canadian Archipelago, and a decrease over the Nordic Seas, Kara and Beaufort Seas and over the sub-arctic continental regions in winter. In summer, the models simulate an increase of cyclone frequency over the Central Arctic and Greenland Sea and a decrease over the Norwegian and Kara Seas by the end of the 21st century. The decrease is also found over the high-latitude continental areas, in particular, over east Siberia and Alaska. The sensitivity of the RCMs' projections to the boundary conditions and model physics is estimated. In general, different lateral boundary conditions from the GCMs have larger effects on the simulated RCM projections than the differences in RCMs' setup and/or physics

Cyclone Activity in the Arctic From an Ensemble of Regional Climate Models (Arctic CORDEX)

The ability of state‐of‐the‐art regional climate models to simulate cyclone activity in the Arctic is assessed based on an ensemble of 13 simulations from 11 models from the Arctic‐CORDEX initiative. Some models employ large‐scale spectral nudging techniques. Cyclone characteristics simulated by the ensemble are compared with the results forced by four reanalyses (ERA‐Interim, National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration‐Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2, and Japan Meteorological Agency‐Japanese 55‐year reanalysis) in winter and summer for 1981–2010 period. In addition, we compare cyclone statistics between ERA‐Interim and the Arctic System Reanalysis reanalyses for 2000–2010. Biases in cyclone frequency, intensity, and size over the Arctic are also quantified. Variations in cyclone frequency across the models are partly attributed to the differences in cyclone frequency over land. The variations across the models are largest for small and shallow cyclones for both seasons. A connection between biases in the zonal wind at 200 hPa and cyclone characteristics is found for both seasons. Most models underestimate zonal wind speed in both seasons, which likely leads to underestimation of cyclone mean depth and deep cyclone frequency in the Arctic. In general, the regional climate models are able to represent the spatial distribution of cyclone characteristics in the Arctic but models that employ large‐scale spectral nudging show a better agreement with ERA‐Interim reanalysis than the rest of the models. Trends also exhibit the benefits of nudging. Models with spectral nudging are able to reproduce the cyclone trends, whereas most of the nonnudged models fail to do so. However, the cyclone characteristics and trends are sensitive to the choice of nudged variables

Trends of intense cyclone activity in the Arctic from reanalyses data and regional climate models (Arctic-CORDEX)

peer reviewedThe ability of state-of-the-art regional climate models (RCMs) to simulate the trends of intense cyclone activity in the Arctic is assessed based on an ensemble of 13 simulations from 11 models from the Arctic-CORDEX initiative. Some models employ large-scale spectral nudging techniques. Cyclone characteristics simulated by the ensemble in winter and summer are compared with the results from four reanalyses (ERA-Interim, NCEP-CFSR, NASA-MERRA2 and JMA-JRA55) in winter and summer for 1981-2010 period. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd