Investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the context of realization of “green” economy

In the current context of the development of the world economy, one of the main priorities of the country’s economic development is the intensification of investment processes, because they have a positive impact on economic growth and efficient functioning of a country’s economy. The modern investment market is full of competition among countries in order to attract investment. The main indicator influencing the amount of funds raised in the country’s economy is the country’s investment climate. Also, in modern conditions the concept of “green” economy is actively promoted. Therefore, today the assessment of the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the implementation of the “green” economy is a very important and relevant issue. Finding ways to improve the investment climate in Ukraine is another topical issue. The main objective of this study is to assess the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine under conditions of realization of the “green” economy. The research uses general scientific methods of cognition: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, methods of qualitative and quantitative economic and statistical analysis, graphic method. Among the methods of economic-mathematical modelling, correlation analysis, trend analysis and correlationregression analysis were used. It was established that the study of the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the “green” economy is based on objective international ratings that have a transparent calculation methodology. These international ratings are constantly updated and cover most countries of the world. So, the proposed method makes it possible to conduct an analysis of the investment climate and the “environmental friendliness” of the country’s economy according to world indices, to determine which countries are leaders and which are outsiders according to the selected indices and indicators, to study the place of Ukraine according to these indicators, and to conduct a trend analysis, to model the degree of close relationship between indices and factors of the investment climate on the basis of correlation analysis, as well as to develop recommendations for improving the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the conditions of implementation of the “green” econom

Corynosoma strumosum

Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) D e s c r i p t i o n (figs, 1, A; 2, E; table 2). General. Small acanthocephalans, males and females similar in size and shape, females slightly larger. Trunk 3,800 –6,240 × 933–1,600. Trunk anterior part widened in the form of ellipsoidal swelling, with small spines extended ventrally more than dorsally. Length of spines increasing from apical (32–38) to median (44–61) and decreasing posteriorly (25–36). Trunk posterior part narrowest at middle, slightly dilated at posterior end. Genital spines present or absent. Proboscis 450–620 × 260–290, almost cylindrical, with widening in its posterior third. Proboscis with 17–19 longitudinal rows of 10–11 hooks each. First 6–7 hooks large, with simple roots directed posteriorly. Next 1–2 hooks transitional, with small roots in the shape of an inverted Y (fig. 2, E). Proximal 3–4 hooks spiniform, with simple roots directed anteriorly. Largest hooks are 6th or 7th. Proboscis receptacle double-walled. Lemnisci broad, leaf-shaped, shorter than proboscis receptacle. Neck truncated cone, 211–620 long, often retracted into foretrunk. Reproductive system in narrow posterior part of trunk. Remarks. Corynosoma strumosum was initially described by Rudolphi (1802) from harbor seal (Phoca vitulina Linnaeus). This species was also reported in various marine mammals, terrestrial carnivores and aquatic birds throughout the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and in the Caspian Sea (Delyamure, 1955; Dailey & Brownell, 1972; Shults, 1982; Yurakhno, 1998; Nickol et al., 2002; Ionita et al., 2008; Amin et al., 2011). Morphologically, our specimens of C. strumosum are consistent with the original description of the species. Amphipods are known to be intermediate hosts for C. strumosum (Petrochenko, 1958; Atrashkevich, 2008); more than 30 species of fishes and a few reptiles, and experimentally infected amphibians and reptiles have been reported as paratenic hosts (Dubinin, 1949; Moles, 1982; Skorobrechova et al., 2012).Published as part of Lisitsyna, O. I., Kudlai, O., Spraker, T. R. & Kuzmina, T. A., 2018, New Records On Acanthocephalans From California Sea Lions Zalophus Californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) From California, Usa, pp. 181-192 in Vestnik Zoologii 52 (3) on page 185, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2018-0019, http://zenodo.org/record/645465

New Records on Acanthocephalans from California Sea Lions Zalophus californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) from California, USA

To increase the currently limited knowledge addressing acanthocephalans parasitizing California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 33 animals including pups, juvenile and adult males and females from the Marine Mammal Center (TMMC), Sausalito, California, USA were examined. Totally, 2,268 specimens of acanthocephalans representing five species from the genera Andracantha (A. phalacrocoracis and Andracantha sp.), Corynosoma (C. strumosum and C. obtuscens) and Profilicollis (P. altmani) were found. Profilicollis altmani and A. phalacrocoracis, predominantly parasitize fish-eating birds; they were registered in Z. californianus for the first time. Prevalence and intensity of California sea lion infection and transmission of acanthocephalans in these hosts of different age groups were analyzed and discussed. We provide brief morphological descriptions of the five species of acanthocephalan found in California sea lions

Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome 1943

Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943 D e s c r i p t i o n (figs 1, B; 2, F; table 2). General. Small acanthocephalans. Trunk with dilatation in its anterior part. Spine field extends to 609–976 dorsally, and to posterior end of trunk ventrally, in males with bare zone between ventral and genital spines. Length of somatic spines increasing from anterior (17–37) to posterior (36–44). Genital spines present, 41–49 long. Proboscis almost cylindrical, with widening in its posterior quarter. Proboscis with 17–19 longitudinal rows of 11–14 hooks each. First 9–11 hooks large, with simple roots directed posteriorly. Next 1–2 hooks transitional with small roots in shape of inverted Y (fig. 2, F). Next 2–3 hooks spiniform, with simple roots directed anteriorly or without roots. Largest hooks 9 th and 10 th. Proboscis receptacle double-walled. Neck 145–261 long. Lemnisci 505–901 long, attached in neck and extending to level of proboscis receptacle bottom or slightly posterior to it. Gonopore subterminal in both sexes. R e m a r k s. Corynosoma obtuscens is a common parasite of sea lions (Lincicome, 1943; Van Cleave, 1953 a, b). The species was described by Lincicome (1943) from Z. californianus from the San Diego Zoo, California, USA. It was also registered in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus Linnaeus) and South American sea lions (Otaria byronia Péron) from the California coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of South America and in Alaska (Van Cleve, 1953 a, b), and from domestic dogs in Peru (Cabrera et al., 1999). Juvenile specimens were also registered in sea otter (Enhydra lutris Linnaeus) (Ward & Winter, 1952). Domestic dogs were successfully infected experimentally with cystacanths collected from fish (Castro & Martínez, 2004). Our material corresponds to the original description provided by Lincicome (1943). Intermediate hosts for C. obtuscens are unknown. Several species of fishes (paratenic hosts) off the Pacific coast of South America were found to be infected with cystacanths of C. obtuscens with prevalence up to 60 % (Tantaleán & Huiza, 1994; Tantaleán et al., 2005; Chero et al., 2014).Published as part of Lisitsyna, O. I., Kudlai, O., Spraker, T. R. & Kuzmina, T. A., 2018, New Records On Acanthocephalans From California Sea Lions Zalophus Californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) From California, Usa, pp. 181-192 in Vestnik Zoologii 52 (3) on page 187, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2018-0019, http://zenodo.org/record/645465

Andracantha phalacrocoracis Schmidt 1975

Andracantha phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939) Schmidt, 1975 D e s c r i p t i o n (figs 1, D; 2, D, K; table 2) General. Relatively small acanthocephalans. Trunk with discoid widening and two fields of spines in anterior part. Anterior field of spines broadest on ventral surface, narrow dorsally. Posterior field of spines broadest ventrally. Maximum width of bare zone between fields of spines 150. In anterior field of spines, length of spines decreasing from apical (38– 49), to basal (29–31). In posterior field of spines, length of spines increasing from apical (32–37) to median (39–41) and decreasing posteriorly (28). Ventral spines almost reaching posterior end of trunk. Genital spines absent. Proboscis almost cylindrical, with dilatation in posterior third, with 18 longitudinal rows of 11 hooks in each. First 7 hooks large, with strong roots directed posteriorly. Next 4 hooks spiniform, without roots. Proboscis receptacle double-walled, with cerebral ganglion in its anterior third. Neck distinct. Lemnisci sacciform, attached in neck, not reaching level of proboscis receptacle bottom. Remarks. Andracantha phalacrocoracis is a common parasite of fish-eating birds. It was initially described by Yamaguti (1939) from pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocoracis pelagicus Pallas) from Shikoku Islands, Japan. This species was also reported from blacklegged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus), slaty-backed gull (Larus schistisagus Steineger), black-throated loon (Gavia arctica Linnaeus), hooded crow Corvus cornix (Linnaeus), carrion crow Corvus corone (Linnaeus) and P. pelagicus from the Far East from Chukotka to the Prymorye, Russia (Khokhlova, 1986), from P. pelagicus and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766) from Alaska (Schmidt, 1975; Richardson & Cole, 1997), from the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Blumenbach) from South Moravia, Poland, on their seasonal migrations (Okulewicz, 2014; Moravec & Scholz, 2016). Intermediate hosts for A. phalacrocoracis are unknown. However, several species from the genus Andracantha are known to use amphipods as their intermediate hosts (Atrashkevich, 2008). Fishes from three families, Nototheniidae, Bathydraconidae and Channichthyidae, were reported as the paratenic hosts for these acanthocephalans (Rocka, 2006; Laskowski et al., 2008; Laskowski & Zdzitowiecki, 2009).Published as part of Lisitsyna, O. I., Kudlai, O., Spraker, T. R. & Kuzmina, T. A., 2018, New Records On Acanthocephalans From California Sea Lions Zalophus Californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) From California, Usa, pp. 181-192 in Vestnik Zoologii 52 (3) on page 183, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2018-0019, http://zenodo.org/record/645465

Концептомонадна модель технологічного середовища програмування

This paper proposes an extension of the principles of an adaptive programming environment based on the considered intersubject and interpersonal programming paradigms and the use of oracles, concepts, copmozies, and open-loop systems. The purpose of this work is to develop the foundations of an adaptive technological programming environment based on an intersubjective paradigm. In order to achieve the above goal, it is necessary to substantially expand the understanding of programming by introducing certain conceptual and logical structures. Based on such structures, you can lay the foundations for the technological process of programming, when the property of each individual subject of programming will be available to everyone. An oracle open-loop system describing the general scheme of programming is considered. In such a scheme, the active role of the subject is decisive, since the process of creating the program is regarded as determined by the subject. This suggests that the interest-based paradigm defines the programming process as the essence that is determined by the program itself. Conceptualization in the context of the oracle interaction scheme is considered. Oracle structures enrich the conception, form a point of view on the program as a structural activity, and on the concept as an appropriate structure. Conceptualization is defined as the sequence of actions of the subject who creates the program, the concept of which is a composition. Moreover, each stage of such a concept is also a specific concept. There are two types of composites. The first is composites that determine the understanding of a composition as the stages of composites, and the second includes basic composites that determine the active role of the subject in conception. Examples of using reduction to demonstrate the relationship of composition and decomposition in conceptualization. Schemes of concepts for various composite and composite concepts are given. These schemes are also important because they clearly reflect the fact of complementarity between the two poles of conception - synthesis and analysis, composition and decomposition. The meaningful meaning of reduction considered in the paper is that it naturally implements the "divide and conquer" paradigm in understanding the subject's active role in conceptualization. This allows you to depart from the general concept of programming as a subject-specific activity and to lay the foundations for its technologicalization. To this end, among the vast variety of compositions, composites stand out as the basic gene structures. Compared to them, any other composition is formed as a derivative of the consistent use of composites. An effective object programming environment is developed based on the concept of reduction. Adaptation of this environment is made for the standard system of software algebras. This demonstrates the solution of a number of representative numerical analysis problems.У даній роботі запропоновано розширення принципів адаптивного середовища програмування на основі розглянутих інтерсуб’єктивної та міжсуб’єктної парадигм програмування. Для цього розуміння програмування адекватно збагачується введенням концептуальних логічних структур, які засновані на взаємодії оракулів, композиційному збагаченні та схематизації концептувань. Наведено приклади використання редукції для демонстрації зв’язку композиції та декомпозиції в концептуванні. Це дозволяє відійти від загальної концепції програмування як предметно-визначеної діяльності та закласти основи її технологізації

Trematodes from Antarctic teleost fishes off Argentine Islands, West Antarctica: molecular and morphological data

In 2014–2015 and 2019–2021, teleost fishes off Galindez Island (Antarctic Peninsula) were examined for trematodes. Combined morphological and molecular analyses revealed the presence of eight trematode species of four families (Hemiuridae, Lecithasteridae, Opecoelidae, Lepidapedidae) from five fish species. Only adult trematodes were found and all of them are Antarctic endemics with their congeners occurring on other continents. The hemiuroids, Elytrophalloides oatesi (Leiper & Atkinson, 1914), Genolinea bowersi (Leiper & Atkinson, 1914), and Lecithaster macrocotyle Szidat & Graefe, 1967 belong to the most common Antarctic species and together with Lepidapedon garrardi (Leiper & Atkinson, 1914) and Neolebouria georgiensis Gibson, 1976 they were recorded as the least host-specific parasites. The originally sub-Antarctic Neolepidapedon macquariensis Zdzitowiecki, 1993 is a new record for the Antarctic Peninsula and Parachaenichthys charcoti (Vaillant), is a new host record. Neolebouria terranovaensis Zdzitowiecki, Pisano & Vacchi, 1993 is considered a synonym of N. georgiensis because of identical morphology and dimensions. The currently known phylogenetic relationships within the studied families are supported, including the polyphyly of Macvicaria Gibson & Bray, 1982 with the future need to accommodate its Antarctic species in a new genus. The validity of M. georgiana (Kovaleva & Gaevskaja, 1974) and M. magellanica Laskowski, Jezewski & Zdzitowiecki, 2013 needs to be confirmed by further analyses. Genetic sequence data are still scarce from Antarctica, and more studies applying integrative taxonomic approaches and large-scale parasitological examinations of benthic invertebrates are needed to match sequences of larval stages to those of well-characterised adults and to elucidate trematode life-cycles

Morphological and molecular evidence for synonymy of Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943 with Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae)

Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) is synonymised with Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937 based on combined morphological and molecular evidence. Morphological comparison of C. obtuscens (24 males and 27 females) collected from a California sea lion Zalophus californianus (Lesson) in California, USA, with the type-specimens of C. obtuscens and C. australe, and with published data on C. australe collected from different hosts and regions showed no significant differences. The levels of genetic divergence in the cox1 sequences obtained from C. obtuscens from a California sea lion in the present study and C. australe from otariid seals from Argentina and penguins from Brazil ranged between 1.4–1.6% and was considered to represent intraspecific variability. Additionally, cox1 sequences were generated for Andracantha phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939), Corynosoma semerme (Forssell, 1904), C. strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802), C. validum Van Cleave, 1953 and C. villosum Van Cleave, 1953. Our results revealed inconsistency in the identification of material used as a source of the previously published sequence data for C. obtuscens and C. magdaleni Montreuil, 1958. © 2018, Springer Nature B.V

Metazoan parasites of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): A new data and review

The population of California sea lion Zalophus californianus (CSL) has steadily increased during the last several decades. Despite extensive research addressing CSL biology and ecology performed during the last decades, there has been a minimal number of published papers documenting their parasite fauna. Our objective was to analyze the actual list of the metazoan parasites reported from CSLs and add new data on the age-related differences in the prevalence and biodiversity of the parasite community. There have been 33 species recorded but this study considers only 24 of them valid. Among them, 11 species are specific parasites of CSLs and 13 species are not specific. Additional species represent accidental infections or misidentifications. In total, 6653 helminths and 847 mites were collected and identified from 34 CSLs for this study. Six species of nematodes, Anisakis simplex sensu lato s. l. (prevalence 41%; intensity 7.6), Contracaecum ogmorhini s. l. (38%; 269.6), Pseudoterranova decipiens s. l. (29%; 33), P. azarazi (9%; 2.7), Acanthocheilonema odendhali (15%; 3.5) and Parafilaroides decorus were found. Two species of cestodes, Diphyllobothrium sp. (38%; 8.5) and Anophryocephalus sp. (15%; 14.6) represent novel undescribed species. Two species of trematodes, Apophallus zalophi (18%; 19.7) and Zalophotrema hepaticum (12%; 39.2), and five species of acanthocephalans, Corynosoma obtuscens (68%; 100.8), C. strumosum (53%; 4.6), Andracantha phalacrocoracis (3%; 1), Andracantha sp. (9%; 4.3) and Profilicollis altmani (6%; 8.5) were found. Mites Orthohalarchne attenuata (prevalence 85%) were found in the nasal cavity, while O. diminuata (21%) parasitized in the trachea and bronchi. The highest levels of infection with nematodes and trematodes were found in adult CSLs (3–16 years old), whereas the highest level of infection with acanthocephalans was found in young CSLs (pups and yearlings). Keywords: Marine mammals, Nematoda, Cestoda, Trematoda, Acanthocephala, Biodiversit