6,559 research outputs found
Lattice-Boltzmann Model of Amphiphilic Systems
A lattice-Boltzmann model for the study of the dynamics of
oil-water-surfactant mixtures is constructed. The model, which is based on a
Ginzburg-Landau theory of amphiphilic systems with a single, scalar order
parameter, is then used to calculate the spectrum of undulation modes of an
oil-water interface and the spontaneous emulsification of oil and water after a
quench from two-phase coexistence into the lamellar phase. A comparison with
some analytical results shows that the model provides an accurate description
of the static and dynamic behavior of amphiphilic systems.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, europhysics-letter styl
Isoprene photooxidation : new insights into the production of acids and organic nitrates
We describe a nearly explicit chemical mechanism for isoprene photooxidation guided by chamber studies that include time-resolved observation of an extensive suite of volatile compounds. We provide new constraints on the chemistry of the poorly-understood isoprene δ-hydroxy channels, which account for more than one third of the total isoprene carbon flux and a larger fraction of the nitrate yields. We show that the cis branch dominates the chemistry of the δ-hydroxy channel with less than 5% of the carbon following the trans branch. The modelled yield of isoprene nitrates is 12±3% with a large difference between the δ and β branches. The oxidation of these nitrates releases about 50% of the NOx. Methacrolein nitrates (modelled yield ≃15±3% from methacrolein) and methylvinylketone nitrates (modelled yield ≃11±3% yield from methylvinylketone) are also observed. Propanone nitrate, produced with a yield of 1% from isoprene, appears to be the longest-lived nitrate formed in the total oxidation of isoprene. We find a large molar yield of formic acid and suggest a novel mechanism leading to its formation from the organic nitrates. Finally, the most important features of this mechanism are summarized in a condensed scheme appropriate for use in global chemical transport models
Zones of Gelatinous Fibers in Populus Balsamifera L.
Although balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) is a logical supplement to the aspen (Fopulus tremuloides Michx.) resource for the manufacture of oriented strandboard (OSB), it has not been utilized extensively because of reported machining problems. The machining difficulties usually have been attributed to fibers with thick gelatinous layers in their cell walls. This study employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the cell-wall structure of balsam poplar grown in Minnesota. In a previous study, balsam poplar samples were identified as difficult to waferize on the basis of wood fibers plugging the waferizing knives. The balsam poplar samples that were difficult to waferize often contained areas that appeared as "white rings" to the naked eye. Observation with the scanning electron microscope revealed that the "white rings" in the wood were zones that contained very high concentrations of gelatinous fibers. In these fibers, the cell wall typically consisted of a gelatinous layer that occupied 30 to 90% of the cell wall. In most cases, the initiation and termination of zones with high concentrations of gelatinous fibers took place within one annual growth increment or slightly more. Additional observation of trees within the sample showed that the "white rings" and the accompanying high concentrations of gelatinous layers were usually restricted to one side of the tree. This observation has led us to believe that the "white ring" areas and the corresponding zones of gelatinous fibers were the result of tension wood formation in the balsam poplar trees and not a part of normal wood formation
Survey for Emission-Line Galaxies: Universidad Complutense de Madrid List 3
A new low-dispersion objective-prism search for low-redshift (z<0.045)
emission-line galaxies (ELG) has been carried out by the Universidad
Complutense de Madrid with the Schmidt Telescope at the Calar-Alto Observatory.
This is a continuation of the UCM Survey, which was performed by visual
selection of candidates in photographic plates via the presence of the
Halpha+[NII]6584 blend in emission. In this new list we have applied an
automatic procedure, fully developed by us, for selecting and analyzing the ELG
candidates on the digitized images obtained with the MAMA machine. The analyzed
region of the sky covers 189 square degrees in nine fields near R.A.=14h & 17h,
Dec=25 deg. The final sample contains 113 candidates. Special effort has been
made to obtain a large amount of information directly from our uncalibrated
plates by using several external calibrations. The parameters obtained for the
ELG candidates allow for the study of the statistical properties for the
sample.Comment: 13 pages, 18 PostScript figures, 6 JPEG figures, Table 2 corrected.
Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Supplements, also available
at http://www.ucm.es/info/Astrof/opera/LIST3_ApJS99
System Safety Engineering for Social and Ethical ML Risks: A Case Study
Governments, industry, and academia have undertaken efforts to identify and
mitigate harms in ML-driven systems, with a particular focus on social and
ethical risks of ML components in complex sociotechnical systems. However,
existing approaches are largely disjointed, ad-hoc and of unknown
effectiveness. Systems safety engineering is a well established discipline with
a track record of identifying and managing risks in many complex sociotechnical
domains. We adopt the natural hypothesis that tools from this domain could
serve to enhance risk analyses of ML in its context of use. To test this
hypothesis, we apply a "best of breed" systems safety analysis, Systems
Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), to a specific high-consequence system with
an important ML-driven component, namely the Prescription Drug Monitoring
Programs (PDMPs) operated by many US States, several of which rely on an
ML-derived risk score. We focus in particular on how this analysis can extend
to identifying social and ethical risks and developing concrete design-level
controls to mitigate them.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables. Accepted to 36th Conference on Neural
Information Processing Systems, Workshop on ML Safety (NeurIPS 2022
Masses and couplings of vector mesons from the pion electromagnetic, weak, and \pi\gamma transition form factors
We analyse the pion electromagnetic, charged-current, and
transition form factors at timelike momentum transfers ,
GeV, using a dispersion approach. We discuss in detail the propagator
matrix of the photon-vector-meson system and define certain reduced amplitudes,
or vertex functions, describing the coupling of this system to final states. We
then apply the derived analytic expressions to the analysis of the recent
, , and data. We find the reduced amplitudes for the coupling of the
photon and vector mesons to two pseudoscalars to be constant, independent of
, in the range considered, indicating a "freezing" of the amplitudes for
GeV. The fit to the form factor data leads to the following values of
the Breit-Wigner resonance masses m_{\rho^-}=775.3\pm 0.8 MeV,
m_{\rho^0}=773.7\pm 0.6 MeV and m_\omega=782.43\pm 0.05 MeV, where the errors
are only statistical.Comment: revtex, 23 page
Effect of NOx level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of terpenes
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of one monoterpene (α-pinene) and two sesquiterpenes (longifolene and aromadendrene) is investigated in the Caltech environmental chambers. The effect of NOx on SOA formation for these biogenic hydrocarbons is evaluated by performing photooxidation experiments under varying NOx conditions. The NOx dependence of α-pinene SOA formation follows the same trend as that observed previously for a number of SOA precursors, including isoprene, in which SOA yield (defined as the ratio of the mass of organic aerosol formed to the mass of parent hydrocarbon reacted) decreases as NOx level increases. The NOx dependence of SOA yield for the sesquiterpenes, longifolene and aromadendrene, however, differs from that determined for isoprene and α-pinene; the aerosol yield under high-NOx conditions substantially exceeds that under low-NOx conditions. The reversal of the NOx dependence of SOA formation for the sesquiterpenes is consistent with formation of relatively low-volatility organic nitrates, and/or the isomerization of large alkoxy radicals leading to less volatile products. Analysis of the aerosol chemical composition for longifolene confirms the presence of organic nitrates under high-NOx conditions. Consequently the formation of SOA from certain biogenic hydrocarbons such as sesquiterpenes (and possibly large anthropogenic hydrocarbons as well) may be more efficient in polluted air
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