EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR ON THE QUALITY OF THE COTTON FIBER UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT Agronomic practices significantly influence the productivity and quality of cotton plant. Present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer application on the fiber quality of cotton, during the year 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 under Mediterranean environmental conditions. All the treatments were laid in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement each treatment were replicated thrice. Five rates of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha -1 ) and five rates of sulfur (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha -1 ) were involved in the experiments. Results of study indicated that increases in the rate of sulfur have negative impact on the quality of the cotton fiber and the highest rate of sulfur fertilizer gave the lowest fiber length compared with the other sulfur rates. On the other hand, the lowest uniformity ratio was observed by applications of sulfur at 30, 45 or 60 kg ha -1 . It was observed that application of sulfur had no significant effect on micronaire and fiber strength. Further, application of 60 to 120 kg N ha -1 have positive effect on the fiber length and caused 2.7 to 3.4% improvement in fiber lengths in 2012 compared to the treatment without N, while applications of nitrogen at 180 and 240 kg ha -1 did not provide an additional increase in fiber lengths. Further, it was reported that application of N significantly improved fiber strength, but these differences were not statistically different from th

Reviews and syntheses: remotely sensed optical time series for monitoring vegetation productivity

Vegetation productivity is a critical indicator of global ecosystem health and is impacted by human activities and climate change. A wide range of optical sensing platforms, from ground-based to airborne and satellite, provide spatially continuous information on terrestrial vegetation status and functioning. As optical Earth observation (EO) data are usually routinely acquired, vegetation can be monitored repeatedly over time, reflecting seasonal vegetation patterns and trends in vegetation productivity metrics. Such metrics include gross primary productivity, net primary productivity, biomass, or yield. To summarize current knowledge, in this paper we systematically reviewed time series (TS) literature for assessing state-of-the-art vegetation productivity monitoring approaches for different ecosystems based on optical remote sensing (RS) data. As the integration of solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) data in vegetation productivity processing chains has emerged as a promising source, we also include this relatively recent sensor modality. We define three methodological categories to derive productivity metrics from remotely sensed TS of vegetation indices or quantitative traits: (i) trend analysis and anomaly detection, (ii) land surface phenology, and (iii) integration and assimilation of TS-derived metrics into statistical and process-based dynamic vegetation models (DVMs). Although the majority of used TS data streams originate from data acquired from satellite platforms, TS data from aircraft and unoccupied aerial vehicles have found their way into productivity monitoring studies. To facilitate processing, we provide a list of common toolboxes for inferring productivity metrics and information from TS data. We further discuss validation strategies of the RS data derived productivity metrics: (1) using in situ measured data, such as yield; (2) sensor networks of distinct sensors, including spectroradiometers, flux towers, or phenological cameras; and (3) inter-comparison of different productivity metrics. Finally, we address current challenges and propose a conceptual framework for productivity metrics derivation, including fully integrated DVMs and radiative transfer models here labelled as “Digital Twin”. This novel framework meets the requirements of multiple ecosystems and enables both an improved understanding of vegetation temporal dynamics in response to climate and environmental drivers and enhances the accuracy of vegetation productivity monitoring

Effects of rate and time of potassium application on cotton yield and quality in Turkey

Studies were conducted at Adana, in the Çukurova region of southern Turkey, to evaluate the effects of the rate and timing of application of soil-applied potassium (K) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in 1999 and 2000. Potassium rates of 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg K20 ha-1 were soil-applied in single treatments (all at early boll development) or in split treatments (1/2 at first square and 1/2 at first white flower; 1/4 at first square, 1/4 at first white flower and 1/2 at early boll development). Data collected in the two years indicated that application of 160 kg K2O ha-1 produced significant differences in seed-cotton yield, lint yield and boll weight compared with the untreated control. The best combination producing the greatest yield was application of 160 kg K2O ha-1 with all of the K soil-applied at early boll development. Cotton yields did not respond to K fertilization above the rate of 160 kg K2O - ha-1 under the production practices typically found in the region. For application of K at a rate of 240 kg K2O ha-1 there was a marked difference in fibre strength between years in this study, but micronaire and uniformity ratio were not different amongst K rates within each year. When the total amount of K was applied at early boll development, higher yields, boll weights and lint turnouts were obtained compared with split applications, but the single application did not have a large impact on fibre properties

Effect of Mepiquat chloride and boron on irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Turkey

A field study was conducted from 2003 to 2004 to evaluate effects of foliar application of Mepiquat chloride and boron on growth and yield of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Mepiquat chloride @ 0.15 litre/ha significantly reduced plant height, number of main stem nodes and nodes to first fruiting branch compared to the control. Plants treated with Mepiquat chloride at first flowering and 2 weeks after first flower stage and boron @ 0.15 litre/ha at first flowering and and 4 weeks after first flowering resulted in significantly highest number of open bolls and seed-cotton yield. All foliar B applications applied either at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after first flower resulted in similar but higher yields than the control. Neither Mepiquat chloride nor B affected gin turnout

Different planting date and potassium fertility effects on cotton yield and fiber properties in the Cukurova region, Turkey

WOS: 000178168500005Late planting causes the crop to flower later and pushes boll development into the cooler weather, resulting in reduced yields. Potassium deficiency associated with the 0 kg K treatment elicits some of the same responses in cotton as delayed planting. Together, these stresses may affect the yield and quality beyond the individual effects of late planting and K deficiency. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of planting date and K fertilization on yield and fiber properties of cotton. The experiment was designed as a split-plot with four replications with planting dates as the main plots. Subplots were levels of potassium. Data collected in 2000 and 2001 indicate that planting date and K fertilization produced significant differences in seed cotton yield, lint yield and earliness. Potassium application in early planted cotton gave the highest boll weight while potassium deficiency related with the 0 kg K treatment produced the lowest boll weight. On average, the best yield response of cotton to planting date treatments was when the crop was sown early. Lint yield was 11.2% higher for the early planting date than for the late planting date. The K fertilization rate had an impact on earliness only in 2001. Averaged across years, soil applications of 150 kg K2O/ha decreased the number of days required from planting to open first boll 1.8% compared with the no potassium control treatment. Late planted cotton without the K treatment gave the greatest number of days to boll opening. It is concluded that cotton grown in this region can benefit from K treatments. While current soil K rates are sufficient, reductions in lint yield and some fiber quality characteristics may result if sowing occurs after mid-May. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Boron Nutrition Studies with Cotton and Sunflower in Southern Turkey

ABSTRACT: Wide variations in boron (B) contents are typical of Turkish soils and plants, and most of the variation, 84% of the plant-soil B values are within the “normal.” Boron application on low B soils can make a contribution to yield in cotton and sunflower crops. Field experiments were carried out on clayey and medium-textured soils, which are Chromoxererts, Haploxererts, Xerochrepts, and Xerofluvents in Southern Turkey to study the effects of boron fertilization on irrigated cotton and rainfed sunflower growth, yield, and yield components. Four levels of boron—0, 1, 2, and 3 kg ha-1—were applied at planting and the experimental design was completely randomized block design with four replications. There was a 31% and 31.9% increase in seedcotton yield at 3 kg and 2 kg ha-1 of B, compared to the control only two out of four sites. There was an average increase of 61.4% in boll weight with 2 kg B ha-1 application compared to the control. Effect of different application rates of B was not significant for fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber length uniformity. All levels of boron produced higher head diameters over control only one out of four sites. Boron applied at the level of 3 kg ha-1 produced the highest 1000 seed weight of 47.5 g representing an 18% increase over the control. Boron applied at the level of 1 kg ha-1 produced the highest seed yield, representing a 25% increase over the control only at one out of four sites. Boron was no value as a fertilizer for sunflower under given experimental conditions even though some uptake of boron was occurred. Boron fertilization may be regarded as effective in improving cotton yields. © 2016 Taylor & Francis

Different planting date and potassium fertility effects on cotton yield and fiber properties in the Çukurova region, Turkey

Late planting causes the crop to flower later and pushes boll development into the cooler weather, resulting in reduced yields. Potassium deficiency associated with the 0 kg K treatment elicits some of the same responses in cotton as delayed planting. Together, these stresses may affect the yield and quality beyond the individual effects of late planting and K deficiency. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of planting date and K fertilization on yield and fiber properties of cotton. The experiment was designed as a split-plot with four replications with planting dates as the main plots. Subplots were levels of potassium. Data collected in 2000 and 2001 indicate that planting date and K fertilization produced significant differences in seed cotton yield, lint yield and earliness. Potassium application in early planted cotton gave the highest boll weight while potassium deficiency related with the 0 kg K treatment produced the lowest boll weight. On average, the best yield response of cotton to planting date treatments was when the crop was sown early. Lint yield was 11.2% higher for the early planting date than for the late planting date. The K fertilization rate had an impact on earliness only in 2001. Averaged across years, soil applications of 150 kg K2O/ha decreased the number of days required from planting to open first boll 1.8% compared with the no potassium control treatment. Late planted cotton without the K treatment gave the greatest number of days to boll opening. It is concluded that cotton grown in this regton can benefit from K treatments. While current soil K rates are sufficient, reductions in lint yield and some fiber quality characteristics may result if sowing occurs after mid-May. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR ON THE QUALITY OF THE COTTON FIBER UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CONDITIONS

WOS: 000389137600008Agronomic practices significantly influence the productivity and quality of cotton plant. Present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer application on the fiber quality of cotton, during the year 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 under Mediterranean environmental conditions. All the treatments were laid in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement each treatment were replicated thrice. Five rates of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha(-1)) and five rates of sulfur (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha(-1)) were involved in the experiments. Results of study indicated that increases in the rate of sulfur have negative impact on the quality of the cotton fiber and the highest rate of sulfur fertilizer gave the lowest fiber length compared with the other sulfur rates. On the other hand, the lowest uniformity ratio was observed by applications of sulfur at 30, 45 or 60 kg ha(-1). It was observed that application of sulfur had no significant effect on micronaire and fiber strength. Further, application of 60 to 120 kg N ha(-1) have positive effect on the fiber length and caused 2.7 to 3.4% improvement in fiber lengths in 2012 compared to the treatment without N, while applications of nitrogen at 180 and 240 kg ha(-1) did not provide an additional increase in fiber lengths. Further, it was reported that application of N significantly improved fiber strength, but these differences were not statistically different from the lowest rate of application and the control treatments in both years and averaged across years. On the other hand, the highest values for uniformity ratio was recorded by using 60 to 180 kg N ha(-1) in 2011. On the basis of these observations, it can be recommend that the use of 120 to 180 kg ha(-1) N in terms of fiber length and fiber strength and 30 to 45 kg ha(-1) S, particularly in terms of fiber length and gin turnout in other areas with similar ecologies. Interestingly, the combination of 60 kg ha(-1) N and 15 kg ha(-1) S were the optimal and could be the most beneficial application for achieving the maximum fiber strength in similar ecologies

Impact of defoliation timings and leaf pubescence on yield and fiber quality of cotton

Defoliation is an important management practice of cotton production. Field experiments were conducted for exploring response of cotton to defoliant application times at various percentages of boll opening on seed cotton yield and fiber quality. Experiments were arranged in split-plot design with defoliation times (control, 40, 60, and 80% open boll) as the main plots and cultivars (hairy leaf, semi-smooth leaf, and smooth leaf) as subplots, with three replicates. The pooled results indicated that early application of harvest aid products significantly reduced seed cotton yield, boll number per plant, micronaire and fiber length. Significant reductions in seed cotton yield occurred with defoliant applications both prior to and after 60% open boll application timing. Application at 40% followed by boll opening had the maximum number of the green leaves remaining on the plant at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatments and a corresponding high trash content and high leaf grade. However, except for the leaf grade, the number of green leaves remaining on the plant after defoliation and the trash content, varietal differences were non-significant. Smooth leaf cultivar (SG 125) had the highest number of green leaves left on the plant after treatment (79.2) compared with hairy (71.9) and semi-smooth leaf (77.1) cultivars. It was concluded that cotton cultivars with varying levels of leaf hairiness impacted the defoliation efficacy of the harvest aid products. © 2017, Tarbiat Modares University. All rights reserved