53 research outputs found
Physicochemical Properties of Soil from Five Villages in Botswana with Respect to Soil Degradation
A field study was conducted at five villages of Botswana namely, Tsabong, Tshane, Mathathane,
Motlhabaneng and Tsetsejwe during the periods of June to August 1999 and June to August 2000. The
objective of the study was to assess and compare the soil physicochemical properties of soils at the five
villages and to study the effect of cultivation on some soil physical properties. Parameters measured in the
field included soil pH, organic carbon (OC), phosphorus (P), cation exchange capacity (CEC),
exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na), bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance and infiltration
rate. Soil pH, OC, CEC, Mg, Ca and BD were found to be significantly different in the five villages. The
non-cultivated soil was found to have significantly lower bulk density, higher infiltration rate and higher
penetration resistance compared to the cultivated soil. Soil from the Kgalagadi area was found to be
significantly lower in nutrients in comparison with the soil from the Bobirwa area. The cultivated soil was
found to have higher, bulk density, lower infiltration rate and lower penetration resistance
Biogeographical survey of soil microbiomes across sub-Saharan Africa:structure, drivers, and predicted climate-driven changes
BACKGROUND: Top-soil microbiomes make a vital contribution to the Earth’s ecology and harbor an extraordinarily high biodiversity. They are also key players in many ecosystem services, particularly in arid regions of the globe such as the African continent. While several recent studies have documented patterns in global soil microbial ecology, these are largely biased towards widely studied regions and rely on models to interpolate the microbial diversity of other regions where there is low data coverage. This is the case for sub-Saharan Africa, where the number of regional microbial studies is very low in comparison to other continents. RESULTS: The aim of this study was to conduct an extensive biogeographical survey of sub-Saharan Africa’s top-soil microbiomes, with a specific focus on investigating the environmental drivers of microbial ecology across the region. In this study, we sampled 810 sample sites across 9 sub-Saharan African countries and used taxonomic barcoding to profile the microbial ecology of these regions. Our results showed that the sub-Saharan nations included in the study harbor qualitatively distinguishable soil microbiomes. In addition, using soil chemistry and climatic data extracted from the same sites, we demonstrated that the top-soil microbiome is shaped by a broad range of environmental factors, most notably pH, precipitation, and temperature. Through the use of structural equation modeling, we also developed a model to predict how soil microbial biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa might be affected by future climate change scenarios. This model predicted that the soil microbial biodiversity of countries such as Kenya will be negatively affected by increased temperatures and decreased precipitation, while the fungal biodiversity of Benin will benefit from the increase in annual precipitation. CONCLUSION: This study represents the most extensive biogeographical survey of sub-Saharan top-soil microbiomes to date. Importantly, this study has allowed us to identify countries in sub-Saharan Africa that might be particularly vulnerable to losses in soil microbial ecology and productivity due to climate change. Considering the reliance of many economies in the region on rain-fed agriculture, this study provides crucial information to support conservation efforts in the countries that will be most heavily impacted by climate change. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-022-01297-w
Use of neutron probe and tensiometry techniques in determining water characteristics of the two soil types
Characterisation of soil water, in particular water flow dynamics is fundamental in assessing the environmental implications to soil management. Soil water characterisation was assessed by measuring soil water content and soil water potential in a draining profile of sandy and loamy soils. Mercury manometers and Neutron probe meter were connected to a 1.2 m high metal-reinforced container filled with soil samples, to simultaneously measure soil water potential and volumetric water content, respectively. Soil water contents (SWC) were found to decrease monotonically with time, with a rapid decrease in the first 50 hrs of free drainage in both soils. Sandy soil was more prone to huge losses of water than loamy soil attributed to numerous large drainable pores in sandy soil. An appreciable difference of SWC in the upper layer (SWC= 0.22 cm3/cm3) and the bottom layer (SWC= 0.35 cm3/cm3), in the case of loamy soil was attributable to its poor drainage properties.Key words: Soil water content; water potential; soil water characteristic; mercury manometer; neutron prob
Comparative analysis of heavy metal concentration in secondary treated wastewater irrigated soils cultivated by different crops
The use of treated urban wastewater for irrigation is a relatively
recent innovation in Botswana and knowledge is still limited on its
impact on soil heavy metal levels. The aim of this study is to analyze
and compare heavy metal concentration in secondary wastewater irrigated
soils being cultivated to different crops: olive, maize, spinach and
tomato in the Glen Valley near Gaborone City, Botswana. The studied
crop plots have been cultivated continuously under treated wastewater
irrigation for at least 3 years. Most crop farms have sandy loam, loamy
sand soils. Based on food and agriculture organization, heavy metal
threshold values for crop production have been studied. Results showed
that the wastewater irrigated soils in the Glen Valley have higher
cadmium, nickel and copper than desirable levels, while the levels of
mercury, lead and zinc are lower than the maximum threshold values
recommended for crop production. The control sites show that the soils
are naturally high in some of these heavy metals (e.g copper, zinc,
nickel) and that crop cultivation under wastewater irrigation has
actually lowered the heavy metal content. Comparing between the crops,
mercury and cadmium levels are highest in soils under maize and decline
linearly from maize to spinach to olive to tomato and control site. By
contrast, concentrations of the other metals are at their lowest in
maize and then increase from maize to spinach to olive to tomato and to
control site
Efficiency of chelating agents in retaining sludge-borne heavy metals in intensively applied agricultural soils
This paper presents an evaluation of different chelating agents for
their effectiveness in removing Cu, Co and Zn in three distinctly
different types of sludge-amended soils. Soil types (Luvisol, Arenosol
and Vertisol) were each mixed with an anaerobically digested sludge at
a 1:1 ratio followed by leaching with three types of chelating agents,
namely: ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid and
acetic acid. Aqua regia method was used to quantify pseudo total metal
before and after treatment. Generally, chelating agents can be out
competed by soil colloids in attracting cations. The efficiency of
chelating agents was found to follow this order ethylenediamine tetra
acetic acid < nitrilotriacetic = acetic acid in all the three
metals, with ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid being the most effective
chelating agent. More heavy metals were removed in Luvisol and Arenosol
than in Vertisol implying that soils rich in clay fraction retain more
cations than soils with minimal clay fraction. Similarly, copper
responded positively to chelation than zinc and cobalt in Luvisols and
Arenosols, although the results were not conclusive for Vertisols
Characterization of agriculture-related land degradation in eastern and western parts of Botswana
A study was carried out during 1998-2001 with the objective of, firstly, assessing the impact of cultivation on soil quality, and secondly, evaluating the effects of human and animal activities on soil erosion and range resources. A Topical Rapid Rural Appraisal (TRRA) based on rapid appraisal approaches, was conducted in three benchmark villages in Bobirwa Sub-district. A diagonistic survey report provided similar information for Kgalagadi District. Three benchmark sites were located in Bobirwa Sub-district and two others in Kgalagadi District. Soils were characterized at benchmark sites and in the laboratory for physiochemical properties. Soil erosion was monitored using embedded nail technique. At all benchmark sites, trends show a deterioration of soil quality, both in terms of nutrient depletion and poor physical properties for cultivated soils in comparison to uncultivated soils. There is visible evidence of environmental degradation of land resources resulting partly from considerable soil trampling and loosening during the dry season by livestock. During the wet season, the loosened soil is washed down elsewhere and/or deposited at watering points. The confounding effects of drought, overgrazing, poor management and ever-increasing utilization of veld products have led to the decline of a considerable number of tree and grass species.Keywords: agriculture, soil quality, range resources, environmental degradation Botswana Journal of Technology Vol 14(1) 2005: 1-1
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