Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians

Knowledge of high resolution Y-chromosome haplogroup diversification within Iran provides important geographic context regarding the spread and compartmentalization of male lineages in the Middle East and southwestern Asia. At present, the Iranian population is characterized by an extraordinary mix of different ethnic groups speaking a variety of Indo-Iranian, Semitic and Turkic languages. Despite these features, only few studies have investigated the multiethnic components of the Iranian gene pool. In this survey 938 Iranian male DNAs belonging to 15 ethnic groups from 14 Iranian provinces were analyzed for 84 Y-chromosome biallelic markers and 10 STRs. The results show an autochthonous but non-homogeneous ancient background mainly composed by J2a sub-clades with different external contributions. The phylogeography of the main haplogroups allowed identifying post-glacial and Neolithic expansions toward western Eurasia but also recent movements towards the Iranian region from western Eurasia (R1b-L23), Central Asia (Q-M25), Asia Minor (J2a-M92) and southern Mesopotamia (J1-Page08). In spite of the presence of important geographic barriers (Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges, and the Dasht-e Kavir and Dash-e Lut deserts) which may have limited gene flow, AMOVA analysis revealed that language, in addition to geography, has played an important role in shaping the nowadays Iranian gene pool. Overall, this study provides a portrait of the Y-chromosomal variation in Iran, useful for depicting a more comprehensive history of the peoples of this area as well as for reconstructing ancient migration routes. In addition, our results evidence the important role of the Iranian plateau as source and recipient of gene flow between culturally and genetically distinct population

The comparative study of the outcomes of early and late oral feeding in intestinal anastomosis surgeries in children

Background: A leakage of intestinal anastomosis is typically regarded as a devastating post-operative complication. Traditionally its believed that long fasting after intestinal surgery protect anastomosis site and most surgeons applied this method. Post-operative long fasting has many physical and   mental adverse effects, especially in children, but its benefi t has notproven yet. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of early and late oral feeding in intestinal resection and anastomosis surgery in children. Patients and Methods: This randomized, double-blind controlled trial evaluated the outcome of early-feeding following in children aged 1 month to 12 years who underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis and  compared the results with those who had late-feeding. The results were anlysed for fever, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, first  passage of gas and stool were also evaluated hospital stay time, major post-operative complications such as anastomosis leakage, wound infection or dehiscence, intra-abdominal abscess between the two groups. Results: The mean time of first oral feeding in the early feeding group (study group) was 2.5 ± 0.7 days but it was 5.3 ± 0.6 days in the late feeding group (control group). There was no mortality in both groups. There was no difference in major complications in both groups  (anastomosis leakage). In the study group, fi rst defecation time wasshorter than the control group (3.7 days v. 4.4 days) and they had less hospital stay also (5.2 days vs. 8.3 days) and lower cost of hospitalization. Conclusion: Early oral feeding after intestinal resection and anastomosisin children is a safe method, it has many benefits and does not increase  the major or minor post-operative complications (anastomosis leakage) long time fasting is not necessary and has not any benefi cial effect andearly feeding increases satisfaction of the parents and children, and reduce hospital stay and costs.Key words: Children, early feeding, intestinal anastomosis, late feedin