To punish first and reward second: Values determine how reward and punishment affect risk-taking behavior

The current study investigated whether manipulating participants’ pre-exposure to reward and punishment affects the extent to which sensation seeking and values predict risk-taking behavior. Participants (n = 195) were randomly allocated to one of two conditions, defined by the order at which they were rewarded or punished for risk-taking behavior. Risk-taking behavior was measured in both conditions using the Balloon Analogue Risk Test, however this was set-up such that participants in group 1 were rewarded for risk-taking behavior prior to being punished, whereas participants in group 2 were punished for risk-taking behavior prior to being rewarded. Participants also completed questionnaires designed to measure sensation seeking and the values of ‘stimulation’ (the need for novelty and excitement) and ‘hedonism’ (the need for sensuous pleasure). It was found that stimulation predicted risk taking behavior in the ‘reward-then-punishment’ condition, whereas hedonism predicted risk-taking behavior in the ‘punishment-then-reward’ condition. Sensation-seeking was found to be an indirect predictor of risk-taking behavior in both conditions. It is tentatively concluded that the extent to which an individual’s risk-taking behavior is guided by their values (hedonism, stimulation) largely depends on their prior exposure to the order of contingent reward and punishment

The influence of encoding context on the false recognition errors of third graders and adults.

The present study investigated the influence of encoding context on the types of recognition errors that adults and nine-year-olds commit . Encoding context was varied through the use of different orienting questions. In general, it was found that both nine-year-olds and adults were influenced by encoding context. Nine-year-olds, however, committed more contextually related false recognition errors only when they both answered orienting questions and generated related words, while adults were influenced by context only after answering orienting questions. When adults were asked to generate words in addition to answering questions, the encoding context effect disappeared. Two hypotheses were proposed to explain these results. The first suggested that children failed to process stimuli as elaborately as adults, and were thus less likely to incorrectly recognize more contextually related foils, unless they were explicitly required to generate related words (often foils) . The second hypothesis suggested that the retrieval strategies of adults and children differed. Children probably picked words on the test based on familiarity, and unless they generated foils, the context effect would not be expected to appear. Adults, however, may have employed more sophisticated test-taking strategies. After iv simply answering orienting questions, they may have selected some foils based on the context of remembered orienting questions. However, after generating related words, some subjects may have avoided choosing those words (usually foils) on the recognition memory test, resulting in the disappearance of the context effec

Processing Quality of Organic and Conventional Milks From Irish Pasture Based Systems

The maintenance of white clover in the pasture sward is essential to viable organic farming in Ireland. Thus, the diet of the organically and conventionally managed cow is different. It is well documented that milk composition is affected by cow diet (Kefford et al., 1995). This study addresses the issue of technological quality differences between conventionally and organically produced milks

Down the field: march & two step

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/3710/thumbnail.jp

The Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy for Investigations into the Three Dimensional Organisation of the Interphase Nucleus

In an attempt to elucidate three dimensional information on the organisation of the nucleus, nuclei have been extracted from ascites tumour cells or tissue culture cells by a variety of biochemical techniques, and prepared for high resolution scanning electron microscopy using an osmium-thiocarbo-hydrazide infiltration procedure which has previously proved successful for analysis of chromosome structure. Nuclei were prefixed with either Methanol-Acetic acid, glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde and then extracted by a variety of detergents with the aim of a \u27biochemical dissection\u27 of their outer elements to allow surface visualisation of the nuclear lamina. Continued extraction removed all aspects of the nuclear periphery and allowed direct visualisation of the in situ organisation of the chromatin, apparent as at least two levels of supercoiling

Shrimp Landing Trends as Indicators of Estuarine Habitat Quality

Penaeid shrimp support three major commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. They are an estuarine-dependent species with life cycles that are completed within 1 yr. The stocks are fully exploited. Landings are independent of effort in that increased effort would not increase landings. Landings are therefore a direct measure of stock. Because the penaeids are annual species, landings are also a measure of recruitment. Since recruitment is dependent on habitat quality, landings are a measure of habitat quality and temporal trends in annual landings reveal trends in estuarine habitat quality. The landings trends indicate diminished habitat quality in Florida Bay since the mid-1980s. Landings for Louisiana and Texas reveal either increasing habitat quality or no change over the past 44 years