4,328 research outputs found
Ethnicity, gender and household effects on becoming NEET: an intersectional analysis
Surprisingly little attention has been given to an integrated understanding of the interaction between ethnicity, gender and parental household’s employment status affecting young people’s educational and labour market outcomes. Drawing on data from Understanding Society, the article compares youth probabilities of becoming NEET (not in employment, education or training) in the UK, focusing on the outcomes for young men and women from different ethnic groups and from four types of ‘households of origin’: workless, one-earner, single-parent-earner and two-earner. The article shows that while, on average, young people with workless parents have a higher likelihood of becoming NEET compared to individuals from households with at least one employed parent, this does not apply universally to all ethnic minority groups, nor equally to young men and women. Having workless parents is much less detrimental for second-generation Indian and African men, and for second-generation Bangladeshi men and women, than for white British individuals. An intersectional analysis illustrates the universal and differentiated effects of disadvantage among youth
Risk adjustment for hospital use using social security data: cross sectional small area analysis
OBJECTIVES: To identify demographic and socioeconomic determinants of need for acute hospital treatment at small area level. To establish whether there is a relation between poverty and use of inpatient services. To devise a risk adjustment formula for distributing public funds for hospital services using, as far as possible, variables that can be updated between censuses. DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis. Spatial interactive modelling was used to quantify the proximity of the population to health service facilities. Two stage weighted least squares regression was used to model use against supply of hospital and community services and a wide range of potential needs drivers including health, socioeconomic census variables, uptake of income support and family credit, and religious denomination. SETTING: Northern Ireland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Intensity of use of inpatient services. RESULTS: After endogeneity of supply and use was taken into account, a statistical model was produced that predicted use based on five variables: income support, family credit, elderly people living alone, all ages standardised mortality ratio, and low birth weight. The main effect of the formula produced is to move resources from urban to rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: This work has produced a population risk adjustment formula for acute hospital treatment in which four of the five variables can be updated annually rather than relying on census derived data. Inclusion of the social security data makes a substantial difference to the model and to the results produced by the formula
Total avulsion of an osseointegrated screw
The close union achieved between pure grade titanium and healthy bone makes dislocation a rare event. We report the case of the total avulsion of an apparently well-integrated implant from a healthy mastoid bon
GravEn: Software for the simulation of gravitational wave detector network response
Physically motivated gravitational wave signals are needed in order to study
the behaviour and efficacy of different data analysis methods seeking their
detection. GravEn, short for Gravitational-wave Engine, is a MATLAB software
package that simulates the sampled response of a gravitational wave detector to
incident gravitational waves. Incident waves can be specified in a data file or
chosen from among a group of pre-programmed types commonly used for
establishing the detection efficiency of analysis methods used for LIGO data
analysis. Every aspect of a desired signal can be specified, such as start time
of the simulation (including inter-sample start times), wave amplitude, source
orientation to line of sight, location of the source in the sky, etc. Supported
interferometric detectors include LIGO, GEO, Virgo and TAMA.Comment: 10 Pages, 3 Figures, Presented at the 10th Gravitational Wave Data
Analysis Workshop (GWDAW-10), 14-17 December 2005 at the University of Texas,
Brownsvill
Agronomic performance of acid-based liquid fertilisers on winter wheat.
End of Project ReportIn the early 90’s, a new and novel means (liquid Flex system) of crop fertilisation
was launched on the Irish market which was capable of supplying the crop’s total
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element requirement in liquid form,
formulated to meet specific crop requirements. This system included novel
chemistry, untested under Irish conditions and with little specific reference in the
scientific literature.
The chemistry of the liquid Flex system consists of an acid-based material. Stable
compounds i.e. urea sulphate, urea phosphate and urea-metal complexes are
formed by the reaction of urea with sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and metal
salts, respectively. Interest in these materials has been generated because they
possess a number of physical and chemical characteristics, which, in theory,
should be beneficial. However, the ability of the Flex system to effectively supply
nutrients to the plant has not been researched.
A field and greenhouse experimental programme was carried out over the three
seasons, 1996-1998 to compare acid-base/urea-metal complexes with conventional
fertilisers and to investigate whether this unconventional chemistry could lead to
increased biological efficiency. The trial programme evaluated the Flex system,
both as individual components and as a complete fertiliser.
In field comparisons, formulation of P as urea phosphate gave similar results to
conventional granular superphosphate in terms of grain yield, recovery of P by the
crop and grain quality, regardless of soil type. This was supported by the results
from the greenhouse experiment.
In field comparisons of the main soil-applied liquid Flex source of N, i.e. N24
(urea with the addition of a standard level of acid and metal salts) with
conventional N formulations, N24 gave poorer performance than CAN and
granular urea in warm dry conditions due to insufficient inhibition to substantially
reduce ammonia volatilisation. In wet conditions, the slow release of N from
inhibited urea may have reduced the potential loss from leaching or denitrification,
and led to a better performance than CAN or urea. The additional product of the Flex system, i.e. liquid Flex urea - N18 (urea with
the addition of metal salts), applied as a foliar spray, was no more efficient than
liquid urea as a late N source. The Flex urea had the disadvantage that it gave
higher scorch levels than conventional liquid urea. When flag leaf scorch was
excessive, grain yield was affected and quality suffered, with reduced grain and
hectolitre weights.
Where early application of P may have been critical to obtain maximum response,
the N that accompanied the early application of P as urea phosphate was most
likely lost through leaching. The application of large quantities of K in any one
application with the liquid system was restricted due to solubility problems, which
ultimately resulted in delayed application in soils with low K levels.
The Flex system does not lead to increased biological efficiency. However, as
farms get bigger and greater emphasis is placed on the reduction of water and air
pollution, the liquid Flex system may become attractive because of its practical
advantages in handling, storage and application and the ability to tailor-make
specific formulations for given crop requirements
The impact of the grazing animal on phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and suspended solids loss from grazed pastures, Part A
Teagasc wishes to acknowledge the support of the Environmental Research Technological
Development and Innovation (ERTDI) Programme under the Productive Sector Operational
Programme which was financed by the Irish Government under the National Development
Plan 2000-2006.End of project reportIn Ireland 90% of the 4.2 million ha of farmland is grassland. Phosphorus deficiency limited grassland production in Ireland and this was corrected by chemical fertiliser use in the 1960s and 1970s. The increased inputs of fertilisers led to increased intensification of grassland with a doubling of grass yield and of grazing animal numbers, from about 3 million to over 6 million livestock units. There is little information on relative contribution of increased chemical fertiliser use compared to increased grazing animal numbers on phosphorus loss to water. The main objective of this study was to obtain information on nutrient loss, particularly phosphorus, in overland flow from cut and grazed grassland plots, with a range of soil test phosphorus levels over three years and implications.Environmental Protection Agenc
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Seasonal predictability of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation from a jet stream perspective
The winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has varied on interannual and decadal
timescales over the last century, associated with variations in the speed and latitude of the eddy-driven jet
stream. This paper uses hindcasts from two operational seasonal forecast systems (the European Centre for
Medium-range Weather Forecasts's seasonal forecast system, and the U.K. Met Office global seasonal
forecast system) and a century-long atmosphere-only experiment (using the European Centre for
Medium-range Weather Forecasts's Integrated Forecasting System model) to relate seasonal prediction
skill in the NAO to these aspects of jet variability. This shows that the NAO skill realized so far arises from
interannual variations in the jet, largely associated with its latitude rather than speed. There likely remains
further potential for predictability on longer, decadal timescales. In the small sample of models analyzed
here, improved representation of the structure of jet variability does not translate to enhanced seasonal
forecast skill
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