Alimentary fluoride intake in preschool children

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The knowledge of background alimentary fluoride intake in preschool children is of utmost importance for introducing optimal and safe caries preventive measures for both individuals and communities. The aim of this study was to assess the daily fluoride intake analyzing duplicate samples of food and beverages. An attempt was made to calculate the daily intake of fluoride from food and swallowed toothpaste.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Daily alimentary fluoride intake was measured in a group of 36 children with an average age of 4.75 years and an average weight of 20.69 kg at baseline, by means of a double plate method. This was repeated after six months. Parents recorded their child's diet over 24 hours and collected duplicated portions of food and beverages received by children during this period. Pooled samples of food and beverages were weighed and solid food samples were homogenized. Fluoride was quantitatively extracted from solid food samples by a microdiffusion method using hexadecyldisiloxane and perchloric acid. The content of fluoride extracted from solid food samples, as well as fluoride in beverages, was measured potentiometrically by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Average daily fluoride intake at baseline was 0.389 (SD 0.054) mg per day. Six months later it was 0.378 (SD 0.084) mg per day which represents 0.020 (SD 0.010) and 0.018 (SD 0.008) mg of fluoride respectively calculated per kg bw/day.</p> <p>When adding the values of unwanted fluoride intake from the toothpaste shown in the literature (0.17-1.21 mg per day) the estimate of the total daily intake of fluoride amounted to 0.554-1.594 mg/day and recalculated to the child's body weight to 0.027-0.077 mg/kg bw/day.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In the children studied, observed daily fluoride intake reached the threshold for safe fluoride intake. When adding the potential fluoride intake from swallowed toothpaste, alimentary intake reached the optimum range for daily fluoride intake. These results showed that in preschool children, when trying to maximize the benefit of fluoride in caries prevention and to minimize its risk, caution should be exercised when giving advice on the fluoride containing components of child's diet or prescribing fluoride supplements.</p

Effect of remineralization/demineralization cycles on mineral profiles of Fuji IX Fast in vitro using electron probe microanalysis

The definitive version can be found at www.blackwell-synergy.comBackground: There have been concerns about the dissolution of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and its possible degradation when exposed to an acidic environment over time. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure of Fuji IX Fast to the simulated acidic aspects of the oral environment in terms of any changes in the elemental composition of strontium (Sr), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and fluorine (F) which resulted at the surface of this material. Methods: Sixty-five cylindrical blocks of Fuji IX Fast were prepared using split moulds. The demineralizing solution was an acetate buffered demineralizing solution at pH 4.3. The remineralizing solution was a buffered solution containing 1.5 mM Ca, 0.9 mM P and 10 ppm F at pH 7. The blocks of Fuji IX Fast were subjected either to two-day alternating cycles of remineralization and demineralization for up to 24 days (test); 6 two-day cycles of demineralizing or remineralizing solution separately, or deionized distilled water alone (controls) or were left untreated (base line control). Mineral profiles of Ca, P, Sr and F within 100 μm of the material surface were assessed following 8, 16 and 24 days of treatment (test); 4, 8 or 12 days (controls) or for baseline control samples, using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Results: There were significant changes in mineral profile in the test specimens in terms of Sr and Ca concentrations. A molecule for molecule exchange of these elements resulted between GIC and eluant solutions. Fluoride loss from the GIC occurred to the level comparable with uptake levels recorded in eluant solutions from previous studies. The ionic exchanges appeared to be the result of dissolution followed by an equilibrium-driven diffusion. These exchanges were superficial though substantial. Conclusions: Simulated exposure of Fuji IX to the oral environment resulted in an exchange of Ca from the bathing solutions into Fuji IX to replace any Sr which was lost to the GIC. Fluorine loss from the GIC followed previously described patterns. The possible clinical significance of this exchange was discussed

Impact of fluoridation and disadvantage on tooth retention in Ireland

A comienzos de 1777 sale al mercado el Catalogue d´une belle collection des libres François anciens et modernes en el que se reúne la colección que el librero de ascendencia franco-alemana, Amand König, tenía puestos a la venta en su librería de la ciudad de Estrasburgo en 1776. Con una mentalidad moderna, dado su contenido y estructura, König registra alrededor de 3000 ediciones de libros y publicaciones periódicas francesas (parisinas y de provincia) y centroeuropeas - alemanas, suizas y de los Países Bajos- en su mayoría coetáneas, aunque también hay algunas ediciones de siglos anteriores. Se incluyen libros de todas las materias excepto de física, historia natural, medicina y teología católica porque estas aparecen en otros catálogos anunciados por este editor. Clasificados en 18 secciones temáticas, los impresos son descritos con minuciosidad e incorporan comentarios relativos a su condición de libros raros y curiosos, su posible utilidad o la belleza de su tipografía. Concebido, por tanto, con una mentalidad moderna, este catálogo resulta, además, ser un ejemplar rarísimo en nuestro país, ya que de él solo se conoce únicamente el conservado en la Biblioteca Histórica de la Universidad Complutense.The Catalogue d'une belle collection des libres François anciens et modernes, which appears on the market in early 1777, lists the collection which Amand König, bookseller of French-German ancestry, had on sale in his bookshop in Strasbourg in 1776. With a modern mindset, visible both in the contents and the structure, König registers approximately three thousand editions of books and periodical publications from France (Paris and provinces) and Central Europe -Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands-, most of them contemporary, although a few are editions from earlier centuries. There are books on all subjects, with the exception of physics, natural history, medicine and Catholic theology, given that these appear in other catalogues which the publisher advertises. Classified in eighteen thematic sections, the items are described with great detail and with comments on their rarity or curiosity, on their possible utility or on the elegance of the typography. Conceived, as can be seen, with a modern mindset, this catalogue is also an exceedingly rare publication in our country, in that the only known copy is conserved in the Historical Library of the Complutense University