Morphology controls the thermoelectric power factor of a doped semiconducting polymer.

The electrical performance of doped semiconducting polymers is strongly governed by processing methods and underlying thin-film microstructure. We report on the influence of different doping methods (solution versus vapor) on the thermoelectric power factor (PF) of PBTTT molecularly p-doped with F n TCNQ (n = 2 or 4). The vapor-doped films have more than two orders of magnitude higher electronic conductivity (σ) relative to solution-doped films. On the basis of resonant soft x-ray scattering, vapor-doped samples are shown to have a large orientational correlation length (OCL) (that is, length scale of aligned backbones) that correlates to a high apparent charge carrier mobility (μ). The Seebeck coefficient (α) is largely independent of OCL. This reveals that, unlike σ, leveraging strategies to improve μ have a smaller impact on α. Our best-performing sample with the largest OCL, vapor-doped PBTTT:F4TCNQ thin film, has a σ of 670 S/cm and an α of 42 μV/K, which translates to a large PF of 120 μW m-1 K-2. In addition, despite the unfavorable offset for charge transfer, doping by F2TCNQ also leads to a large PF of 70 μW m-1 K-2, which reveals the potential utility of weak molecular dopants. Overall, our work introduces important general processing guidelines for the continued development of doped semiconducting polymers for thermoelectrics

Comparison of physical fitness levels and body mass index in students from 5th to 9th grade in Physical Education classes depending on urban or rural residence place

Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to have a comparison of the physical fitness levels and body mass index of students with urban and rural residence from an elementary school in Portugal. Methods: The sample covered 270 students, 142 male and 128 female, aged between 9 and 16, from the 5th to the 9th grade. The Fitnessgram test battery (NES, 2002) measured the physical fitness, the body mass index was based on the reference values from the World Health Organization (1995) and the students' characterization was assessed through the biographical archives given by the school. Results: The test results only demonstrated significant differences (p <0.05) amongst these students: Females in the 5th and 6th grade in the following tests, trunk extension with better results in students with rural residence and middle strenght with better results in students with urban residence; Males in the 5th and 6th grade in the following tests: the shuttle run with better results in students with rural residence; Females between 7th and 9th grade in the following tests: trunk extension with better results in students with urban residence. Conclusions: Significant differences were not observed between the levels of physical fitness and BMI related to the place of residence (rural and urban).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Efeito de um programa multifatorial no risco de queda em idosos

As quedas nos idosos são um problema de saúde pública com consequências na qualidade de vida. Procurou-se determinar o efeito de um programa multifatorial no risco de queda, medo em cair e número de perigos habitacionais. Trinta idosos domiciliados foram divididos em dois grupos. No grupo experimental, durante 16 semanas, foi aplicada uma intervenção de exercício físico e uma abordagem educacional para identificação de perigos. O risco de queda foi avaliado pela escala Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), o medo em cair pela Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) e o número de perigos habitacionais por uma Lista de Perigos adaptada. No grupo experimental ocorreu aumento significativo dos resultados pela escala POMA (p = .000) e FES (p = .009). Houve diminuição de perigos habitacionais em ambos os grupos, com maior significância prática no grupo experimental (d = 1.14). A aplicação do programa multifatorial permitiu uma redução do risco de queda, medo em cair e número de perigos habitacionais.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Analysis of Heart Rate in Different Types of Classes of Physical Education

Several studies claim that the physical effort of students during the Physical Education classes (PE) is low. There is a lack of desirable intensity to cause adaptations and improvement of physical fitness. Purpose: In this study, we intend to analyse the average values of heart rate (HR) during different phases of the PE class, trying to identify possible differences between collective and individual sports (basketball and apparatus gymnastics). The sample consisted of a group of 15 students, 5 female and 10 male (15.2 ± 12:56 years) and the study was conducted over 10 sessions (5 of each type), registering values of HR (bpm) using HR monitors (Polar Electronic, FT1 model). Results: After exploratory data analysis there were significant differences in the transition phase (basketball: 146 ± 27.2 bpm, p = 0.001; apparatus gymnastics: 138.4 ± 25.8 bpm, p = 0.001) and the drilling stage (basketball: 151.2 ± 26.1 bpm, p = 0.000; gymnastics apparatus: 143.0 ± 27.0 bpm, p = 0.000). In the process of organizing, the differences were not significant (basketball: 136.8 ± 26.2 bpm, p = 0526; apparatus gymnastics: 132.3 ± 23.9 bpm, p = 0526). Conclusions: Having these results, we believe that PE teachers should plan sessions that provide increased uptime and higher levels of intensity for students, especially in periods of drilling, regardless of the class.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Segmentation of Portuguese customers’ expectations from fitness programs

Expectations towards fitness exercises are the major factor in customer satisfaction in the service sector in question. The purpose of this study is to present a segmentation framework for fitness customers, based on their individual expectations. The survey was designed and validated to evaluate individual expectations towards exercises. The study included a randomly recruited sample of 723 subjects (53% males; 47% females; 42.1±19.7 years). Factor analysis and cluster analysis with Ward’s cluster method with squared Euclidean distance were used to analyse the data obtained. Four components were extracted (performance, enjoyment, beauty and health) explaining 68.7% of the total variance and three distinct segments were found: Exercise Lovers (n=312), Disinterested (n=161) and Beauty Seekers (n=250). All the factors identified have a significant contribution to differentiate the clusters, the first and third clusters being most similar. The segmentation framework obtained based on customer expectations allows better understanding of customers’ profiles, thus helping the fitness industry develop services more suitable for each type of customers. A follow-up study was conducted 5 years later and the results concur with the initial study.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Supervised Exercise Patterns among Diabetic and Non-diabetic Portuguese Adults

Background. Physical activity (PA) is a keystone of diabetes management, but although self-exercise is beneficial, supervised exercise (SE), adapted to individual characteristics, and is more effective. Objectives. The main research goal is to compare SE patterns among diabetic and non-diabetic Portuguese adults. Methods. A total of 484 participants (85 diabetics, 399 non-diabetics), aged 41-90 years old (mean=58.9; SD=11.9) were interviewed. PA level was assessed using short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Attendance in different SE programs was evaluated across three kinds of PA programs providers: gym/health-clubs; swimming pools and other club/ sports facilities. Itens like Barriers to Exercise; Intention to participate; Importance of the structure and PA information sources were also evaluated. Independent t-tests were used to examine the difference between the group means, and Levene’s test was used to check the homokedasticity of the groups’ variances. Results. PA level of diabetics (32% low; 25% moderate; 44% high) and non-diabetics (29% low; 33% moderate; 39% high) display no differences. 90% of diabetics do not attend SE. The main barrier for diabetics’ non-participation is the perception that the exercise is not adequate to their health. Doctors are the preferred information source for diabetics and they rely less on information provided by the Internet, with may impair on-line campaigns. Conclusion. Promoting exercise in diabetics should shift the focus from "promoting physical activity" to "promoting SE".info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Physical activity and supervised exercise among hypertensives and normotensives: status and barriers

Purpose Physical activity (PA) is considered central to hypertension prevention and management. The main purpose of this article is to compare supervised exercise (SE) patterns among hypertensive and normotensive Portuguese adults. Methods A total of 966 participants aged between 15 and 90 years old (mean 41.9; SD 19.5) were surveyed face-to-face in public places across Portugal. Participants were considered hypertensives (n=144) if they have systolic and diastolic blood pressure higher than 160 and 90 mmHg or report taking antihypertensive medication. PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test for associations and t test for independent samples were used to analyze data. Results Hypertensive individuals show a higher prevalence of sedentary lifestyle than normotensive (31% vs 20%). About 40% of hypertensive patients have a high level of physical activity. Several signifcant diferences were found between hypertensives and normotensives regarding the causes for non-participation, information sources and motivation to participate. For infrastructures, only the quality of the equipment (p=0.032), innovative activities (p=0.027), and the opportunity to socialize (p=0.000) are capable of diferentiating the two groups. Conclusions This study shows the prevalence of sedentary behavior among the hypertensive population. Hypertensives and normotensive behavior reveal diferent patterns on the barriers, sources of information, and perception regarding the structures. Service providers seem incapable to make hypertensives aware of the risks associated with PA and the benefts associated with SE. More information is needed to make hypertensives aware of the benefts of SE programs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Análisis de la demanda de información sobre actividad física en los medios sociales online

Os media sociais online apresentam oportunidades para a promoção de um estilo de vida saudável, por poderem proporcionar um suporte social que incentive a adoção de comportamentos mais ativos. Para isso, é necessário que os indivíduos procurem informações sobre atividade física nesses canais. O objetivo desta investigação é avaliar a extensão do uso dos media sociais online como fontes de informação sobre exercício físico. Foram inquiridos 1034 portugueses (49,6% homens, 50,4% mulheres), 423 ± 20.6 anos. Os resultados mostram que apenas 9.9% dos inquiridos procuram informações sobre atividade física nos media sociais online e que 65.6% dos usuários da Internet não procuram nenhuma informação relacionada com o exercício. As potencialidades dos media sociais para a promoção da atividade física não estão a ser aproveitadas, pois poucos indivíduos reportam esses canais como fontes de informação sobre o exercício ou sobre a locais/equipamentos relacionados com a prática de atividade física.Online social media offers opportunities for promoting a healthy lifestyle by providing social support that encourages the adoption of more active behaviours. To accomplish this, individuals need to look for information about physical activity in these channels. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent of using social media online as information sources about physical activity. We interviewed 1034 Portuguese (49.6% male, 50.4% female), 42.3 ± 20.6 years. The results show that only 9.9% of respondents seek information about exercise in online social media and that 65.6% of Internet users do not seek information related to exercise. The potential of social media for the promotion of physical activity is not being used, since few individuals’ report these channels as physical activity information sources and few seek for information about t places / equipment related to the practice of physical activity in online social media.El objetivo es evaluar la extensión del uso de los medios sociales online como fuentes de información sobre actividad física. Se entrevistó a 1034 portugueses (49.6% hombres, 50.4% mujeres), 42.3 ± 20.6 años. Los resultados muestran que sólo 9.9% de los encuestados buscan información sobre actividad física en los medios sociales online y que 65,6% de los usuarios de Internet no buscan ninguna información relacionada com ejercicio. Las potencialidades de los medios sociales para la promoción de la actividad física no están siendo aprovechadas, pues pocos individuos reportan esos canales como fuentes de información sobre el ejercicio o sobre locales / equipos relacionados con la práctica de actividad física.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Nível de atividade física e hábitos de vida saudável de universitários portugueses

Este estudo visa avaliar o nível de atividade física e hábitos de vida saudável de alunos de duas universidades portuguesas. Utilizou-se o Questionário Internacional da Atividade Física para avaliar o nível de atividade física dos estudantes, juntamente com questões de avaliação dos hábitos de vida. 35% dos estudantes inquiridos apresenta nível de atividade física baixo, reportando a disponibilidade, os horários, a distância e o preço, como causas de não participação nos programas de atividade física existentes. Os principais objetivos associados à prática de atividades física são melhorar a condição física, relaxamento, diminuição do stress, diversão, prevenção de doenças e aumento da autoestima. Os estudantes evidenciam alguns comportamentos de risco ao nível do consumo excessivo de tabaco, álcool e drogas. As Universidades deverão promover a prática regular de atividades físicas no seio académico e sensibilizar para os malefícios advindos do sedentarismo e comportamentos de risco no bem-estar e saúde desta população.This study aims to evaluate physical activity level and some lifestyle habits, presented by students representing two Portuguese universities. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess students’ physical activity level, together with a questionnaire designed to evaluate lifestyle habits. 35% of students surveyed present a low level of physical activity, reporting availability, timetable, distance and price as causes of non-participation in existing exercise programs. The main objectives associated with physical activity are improving physical fitness, relaxation, decrease stress, have fun, disease prevention and increased self-esteem. Students show some risk behaviors regarding tobacco, alcohol and drugs consumption. University authorities should combine efforts to attract students to practice regular physical activities or sports and design campaigns that sensitize students for the consequences of being sedentary and embrace unhealthy behaviors on health status.Esta investigación se propone comparar el nivel de actividad física y el estilo de vida saludable de universitarios de dos universidades portuguesas. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física para evaluar el nivel de actividad física, junto con cuestiones de evaluación de los hábitos de vida de los estudiantes. 35% de los estudiantes presenta un bajo nivel de actividad física, identificando la disponibilidad, los horarios, la distancia y el precio como causas de no participación en estos programas. Los principales objetivos asociados con la actividad física son mejorar la condición física, relajación, disminución del estrés, la diversión, la prevención de enfermedades y el aumento de la autoestima. Los estudiantes muestran comportamientos de riesgo por uso de tabaco, alcohol y drogas. Las autoridades universitarias deben crear estrategias para motivar los estudiantes a practicar actividades físicas sensibilizar sobre los peligros de un estilo de vida sedentario y con comportamientos de riesgo.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Physical activity level as a booster of entrepreneurial intention: a social innovation approach

This study aims to investigate if engaging in physical activity (PA) and gender influences people’s entrepreneurial intention (EI). A survey for measuring EI and PA was developed and administered to the general population. The data were collected with a questionnaire distributed across all continental Portuguese regions. A two-way analysis of variance was used to test the influence of PA level and gender in EI. The results highlight that PA and gender have an impact on EI. This study’s main practical implication is that evidence was found that people need to be involved in more PA, especially in high PA level, because the results show that there is an association with increased levels of EI. This paper contributes to filling a gap in the literature by identifying the importance of PA for the increase of EI. This relationship may be a consequence of skills promoted by the practice of PA and also the development of some personal psychological and cognitive characteristics such as autonomy, risk tolerance, and leadership. The main implication resulting from this study is that it is essential to develop and booster PA into society, namely through PA programmes in organisations, not only for improving persons’ health condition but also as a social benefit, that can promote social innovation and entrepreneurship.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio