Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) infects keratinocytes and is restricted to lesion sites and local lymph nodes in the bovine, a natural host

Inoculation of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) by skin scarification of the coronary-band in cattle, a natural host of VSNJV, resulted in vesicular lesions and 6-8 log$_{10}$ TCID$_{50}$ increase in skin virus titers over a 72 h period. Virus infection was restricted to the lesion sites and lymph nodes draining those areas but no virus or viral RNA was found in the blood or in 20 other organs and tissues sampled at necropsy. Scarification of flank skin did not result in lesions or a significant increase in viral titer indicating that viral clinical infection is restricted to skin inoculation at sites where lesions naturally occur. Viral antigens co-localized primarily with keratinocytes in the coronary band, suggesting these cells are the primary site of viral replication. Viral antigen also co-localized with few MHC-II positive cells, but no co-localization was observed in cells positive for macrophage markers. Although granulocyte infiltration was observed in lesions, little viral antigen co-localized with these cells. This is the first detailed description of VSNJV tissue distribution and infected cell characterization in a natural host. The pathogenesis model shown herein could be useful for in-vivo tracking of virus infection and local immune responses

Developing a sustainability science approach for water systems

We convened a workshop to enable scientists who study water systems from both social science and physical science perspectives to develop a shared language. This shared language is necessary to bridge a divide between these disciplines’ different conceptual frameworks. As a result of this workshop, we argue that we should view socio-hydrological systems as structurally co-constituted of social, engineered, and natural elements and study the “characteristic management challenges” that emerge from this structure and reoccur across time, space, and socioeconomic contexts. This approach is in contrast to theories that view these systems as separately conceptualized natural and social domains connected by bi-directional feedbacks, as is prevalent in much of the water systems research arising from the physical sciences. A focus on emergent characteristic management challenges encourages us to go beyond searching for evidence of feedbacks and instead ask questions such as: What types of innovations have successfully been used to address these challenges? What structural components of the system affect its resilience to hydrological events and through what mechanisms? Are there differences between successful and unsuccessful strategies to solve one of the characteristic management challenges? If so, how are these differences affected by institutional structure and ecological and economic contexts? To answer these questions, social processes must now take center stage in the study and practice of water management. We also argue that water systems are an important class of coupled systems with relevance for sustainability science because they are particularly amenable to the kinds of systematic comparisons that allow knowledge to accumulate. Indeed, the characteristic management challenges we identify are few in number and recur over most of human history and in most geographical locations. This recurrence should allow us to accumulate knowledge to answer the above questions by studying the long historical record of institutional innovations to manage water systems

Um pouco de história, desenvolvimentos recentes e perspectivas para a pesquisa em atividade física e saúde no Brasil A short history, recent developments, and perspectives for research in physical activity and health in Brazil

As grandes transformações mundiais das últimas décadas provocaram mudanças sociais e na saúde, individual e coletiva, jamais imaginadas. O perfil dos problemas de saúde atuais faz com que a promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis (e ativos fisicamente) seja valorizada e colocada como uma das prioridades em saúde pública no planeta. A Educação Física Brasileira está atenta a essas evoluções nas ciências e nas práticas que envolvem a atividade física relacionada à saúde, e precisa responder aos anseios da sociedade em termos de formação profissional competente e produção científica de qualidade nesta área. Este artigo discute desenvolvimentos recentes e perspectivas na pesquisa em atividade física e saúde, com repercussões para a Educação Física no Brasil.<br>The tremendous modifications observed in the world during the past few decades caused unthinkable changes in social and health (both individual and collective). Current health problems turned lifestyle characteristics as public health matter all over the world, specially the promotion of healthy (and active lifestyles). The area of Physical Education in Brazil is aware of that global movement related to the promotion of health enhancing physical activity, and needs to respond to the society's needs in terms of professional preparation, and quality research in this area. This paper discusses recent developments and perspectives for physical activity and health research, and it's consequences for Physical Education in Brazil

Salt and cardiovascular disease: insufficient evidence to recommend low sodium intake

Several blood pressure guidelines recommend low sodium intake (5 g/day, while awaiting the results of large randomized controlled trials of sodium reduction on incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality