El progreso material europeo en el largo plazo

Nombrado Doctor Honoris Causa en el acto de apertura del curso 99/0

Introduction

The costs and benefits of European Imperialism from the conquest of Ceuta, 1415, to the Treaty of Lusaka, 1974.Twelfth International Economic History Congress. Madrid, 1998.Patrick K. O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura (eds.)Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaPatrick K. O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura. The Costs and Benefits for Europeans from their Empires Overseas.Publicad

Theories of Technological Progress and the British Textile Industry from Kay to Cartwright

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaLa industria textil británica continúa en el centro del debate sobre la revolución industrial. Las innovaciones técnicas en el período produjeron una aceleración extraordinaria del crecimiento del output y una considerable reducción de los precios de los tejidos. En este trabajo presentamos un estudio de la comunidad de los inventores responsables de la transformación tecnológica, lo que nos permite alcanzar una serie de conclusiones nuevas sobre el ritmo y dirección de la actividad innovadora durante la revolución industrialThe cotton textile industry remains central to all accounts of the first industrial revolution. Innovations in this period precipitated an extraordinary acceleration in the growth of output and a steep decline in the cost of producing all varieties of cloth. In this paper we outline an explanation through an analysis of the community of inventors responsible for the technological transformation, which enables us to offer some generalizations of the pace and pattern of the inventive activity in this period.Publicad

The analysis and measurement of the service economy in European economic history

"Der Beitrag entwickelt folgende Argumente: 1. Historiker haben das Wachstum der Dienstleistungen nicht in konstanten Preisen gemessen, und es gibt keine gesicherte Korrelation zwischen dem Niveau des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens und dem Anteil der Dienstleistungen am Bruttoinlandprodukt. 2. Wenn Dienstleistungen als die Summe der Faktoreinkommen, die in diesem Sektor verdient wurden, gemessen werden und man mit diesen Daten Trendentwicklungen im Zeitverlauf oder das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen verschiedener Länder vergleichen will, so könnte das zu irreführenden Vorstellungen von den tatsächlichen Änderungen des Lebensstandards im Zeitverlauf und im Ländervergleich in Westeuropa führen. 3. Nach der üblichen Meßmethode erbrachten Dienstleistungen im 19. Jahrhundert einen großen und noch wachsenden Anteil am Volkseinkommen. Doch sind die bisher verwendeten Daten fehlerhaft, verzerrt und mehrdeutig. Was wir mit unseren Zahlen bis jetzt aufspüren, ist nur teilweise ein zusätzlicher Beitrag zur Warenproduktion für den Endverbraucher und für dessen Wohlfahrt. Hauptsächlich aber weisen die Zahlen lediglich die Verlagerung von bisher hauswirtschaftlich erzeugten Gütern auf den Markt nach." (Autorenreferat

Not an ordinary bank but a great engine of state: the Bank of England and the British economy, 1694–1844

From its foundation as a private corporation in 1694, the Bank of England extended large amounts of credit to support the British private economy and to support an increasingly centralised British state. The Bank helped the British state reach a position of geopolitical and economic hegemony in the international economic order. In this paper, we deploy recalibrated financial data to analyse an evolving trajectory of connections between the British economy, the state, and the Bank of England. We show how these connections contributed to form an effective and efficient fiscal–naval state and promote the development of a system of financial intermediation for the economy. This symbiotic relationship became stronger after 1793. The evidence that we consider here shows that although the Bank was nominally a private institution and profits were paid to its shareholders, it was playing a public role well before Bagehot's doctrine

Balance sheets for the acquisition, retention and loss of european empires overseas

This paper is an attempt to assessing the costs and benefits for Europeans from their empires overseas over five centuries, in particular, the net economic gains from empire over the long 19th century when mercantilism was replaced by free trade and over the period of reintegration and de-colonisation brought by the two World Wars. Paradoxically while empires were growing, empires were at best economically irrelevant for European long run growth in a free trade world. The post-1914 era shows that the benefits from imperial trading blocs were suboptimal solutions compared to open international trade

Phase II Subsurface Archaeological Testing at the Onion Hill Site (12 Mo 1126), Monroe County, Indiana

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu).At the request of Monroe County Parks and Recreation (MCPR), the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL) performed Phase II archaeological testing at site 12 Mo 1126 (the Onion Hill site) in Monroe County, Indiana. The site will be impacted by construction of facilities related to the development of the proposed Flatwoods Park in northwestern Monroe County. The request for subsurface archaeological investigations stemmed from requirements set forth by the Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DHPA-IDNR), which in turn resulted from a recommendation made by the GBL after documenting the site during a Phase 1a surface reconnaissance of the proposed park property in the Fall of 1998 (Natt 1998). The primary goals of the investigations at 12 Mo 1126 were: 1) to identify the nature, integrity, and extent of subsurface cultural deposits; 2) to make recommendations concerning whether or not the deposits are eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the Indiana Register of Historic Sites and Structures (IRHSS); and 3) to make recommendations concerning the preservation of significant archaeological resources or for mitigation of proposed adverse impacts. Additional goals of the investigations at 12 Mo 1126 included gathering basic information about the site's size, age, internal structure, function, and seasonality. Fieldwork at 12 Mo 1126 included intensive augering of the site area, backhoe stripping and trenching, hand excavation of test units and cultural features, and opportunistic surface collection. Excavations at 12 Mo 1126 revealed the presence of intact, subsurface cultural deposits and twelve subsoil anomalies encountered during backhoe excavations. Two of these anomalies were of definite historic origin. Three other anomalies appeared to be prehistoric features, though radiocarbon assays suggest a more recent (i.e. historic) origin. The sub-plowzone natural/cultural stratum encountered both in test units and a backhoe trench appears to be limited to the central portion of the site. This zone produced lithic artifacts (chipped stone debitage and tools) to a depth of approximately 90 cm below surface in one test unit. Lithic diagnostics recovered from 12 Mo 1126 indicate the presence of an Early Archaic (i.e. Kirk) component. The natural/cultural stratum is hypothesized to be in association with this component. Site 12 Mo 1126 is recommended to be significant and eligible for inclusion on the NRHP and IRHSS. The lithic assemblage suggests that early stage lithic reduction was a primary activity on 12 Mo 1126. Artifacts recovered during testing of 12 Mo 1126 suggest an Early Archaic occupation of the site in association with the presence of a sub-plowzone natural/cultural stratum. While the excavation of several subsoil anomalies suggested that intact cultural features are also present, radiocarbon assays indicate that these anomalies are not related to the Early Archaic component of the site. In total, an area of approximately 300 m2 contains intact deposits recommended for data recovery investigations. This area is recommended for avoidance. If avoidance is not feasible, Phase III archaeological data recovery should be undertaken on this portion of 12 Mo 1126

Archaeological Reconnaissance of a Proposed Fill Site in Mitchell, Lawrence County, Indiana

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu).At the request of Burton Family Bus Sales (BFBS), the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL) performed a cultural resources survey of the location for a proposed spoil dumping site in Mitchell, Lawrence County, Indiana. Specifically, the project area will be filled with broken pavement, large rocks, and clean fill resulting from construction of S. R. 37 through Mitchell. After highway construction is complete, the property will be graded for a new parking lot and a crushed stone surface will be laid. A total of approximately 12 acres was surveyed. The purposes of the survey were 1) to identify and document all of the cultural resources in the project area, 2) to evaluate any sites with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the Indiana Register of Historic Sites and Structures (IRHSS), and 3) to make recommendations for the protection of significant and potentially significant sites. Fieldwork was conducted July 1, 1999 by GBL archaeologist Patrick K. O'Brien. The entire project area had been previously used for many years as a parking lot for school buses. Approximately 4 acres along the west edge of the property is heavily eroded, with the terra rossa subsoil fully exposed in most places. About another 4 acres in the central portion of the project area can be characterized as a topographic low. At the time of fieldwork, much of this area contained standing water. The eastern edge and south end of the project area is perhaps the least disturbed area. However, the entire property has been covered with 20 cm to 30 cm of crushed stone and has undergone parking lot maintenance for at least two decades. Several probes through this parking surface revealed that it has been extremely compacted. No cultural materials were discovered during survey and there is little to no potential for intact subsurface cultural materials in the project area. Cultural resource clearance is recommended for the project area

An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Approximately 76 Acres Proposed for Development in Switzerland County, Indiana

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu).At the request of Johnson, Smith, Pence, Densbom, Wright, and Heath Attorneys at Law (JSP) of Indianapolis and Pinnacle Gaming of Verdi, Nevada, the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL), conducted a Phase IA surface archaeological reconnaissance of approximately 76 acres proposed for development in Switzerland County, Indiana. The land within the study area will be developed as a portion of a golf course associated with a proposed hotel and river boat gambling casino. The purpose of the reconnaissance was to locate any archaeological resources within the proposed development area and to assess the potential of those resources for inclusion on the Indiana Register of Historic Sites and Structures (IRHSS) and the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The archaeological reconnaissance (field survey) of the area proposed for development was conducted between April 15 and April 28, 1999 by GBL archaeologists Andrew A. White, Amanda S. Roth, Craig D. Byron, and Lee T. Fennimore. The boundaries of two previously recorded sites (12 Sw 345 and 12 Sw 349) were expanded to include portions of the sites that extend into the area surveyed during the present reconnaissance. Two of the previously undocumented sites (12 Sw 387 and 395) are of historic period Euroamerican origin; eight are of primarily prehistoric origin. The assemblages from several of the prehistoric sites also contain isolated historic artifacts. These isolated artifacts ( clear bottle glass, whiteware, etc.) are not associated with any structural remains or any notable scatter of historic artifacts, and are not considered archaeological sites. Of the 10 prehistoric sites examined during the reconnaissance, seven are small and/or extremely sparse scatters that are unlikely to contain intact subsurface deposits. No further archaeological investigations are recommended for these seven sites. The remaining three prehistoric sites (12 Sw 345, 349, and 394) have the potential to provide significant information relevant to the study oflocal, state, and regional prehistory. Avoidance is recommended for sites 12 Sw 345, 349, and 394. Though these three sites are in areas that will be developed as a golf course, it is the GBL's understanding that these three sites will not be adversely affected by golf course construction. Should plans change so that 12 Sw 345, 349, and 394 will suffer impacts, these sites should undergo Phase II archaeological testing prior to earth-moving

Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems measured by 15N addition experiments: Denitrification

We measured denitrification rates using a field 15NO3− tracer-addition approach in a large, cross-site study of nitrate uptake in reference, agricultural, and suburban-urban streams. We measured denitrification rates in 49 of 72 streams studied. Uptake length due to denitrification (SWdenn) ranged from 89 m to 184 km (median of 9050 m) and there were no significant differences among regions or land-use categories, likely because of the wide range of conditions within each region and land use. N2 production rates far exceeded N2O production rates in all streams. The fraction of total NO3− removal from water due to denitrification ranged from 0.5% to 100% among streams (median of 16%), and was related to NH4+ concentration and ecosystem respiration rate (ER). Multivariate approaches showed that the most important factors controlling SWden were specific discharge (discharge / width) and NO3− concentration (positive effects), and ER and transient storage zones (negative effects). The relationship between areal denitrification rate (Uden) and NO3− concentration indicated a partial saturation effect. A power function with an exponent of 0.5 described this relationship better than a Michaelis-Menten equation. Although Uden increased with increasing NO3− concentration, the efficiency of NO3− removal from water via denitrification declined, resulting in a smaller proportion of streamwater NO3− load removed over a given length of stream. Regional differences in stream denitrification rates were small relative to the proximate factors of NO3− concentration and ecosystem respiration rate, and land use was an important but indirect control on denitrification in streams, primarily via its effect on NO3− concentration