Forming peculiarities and manifestation of tectonic faults in soft rocks

Features of distribution of tectonic structures in soft rocks confirm the presence of horizontal tectonic forces in the formation of faults and are based on the manifestation of their morphological features. Linear dependences of the amplitude on the length of tectonic dislocation in the area of wedging were obtained as a result of mathematical processing of the experimental data. Actual position of the crossing lines of fault plane with the seam were considered while studying the distribution of co-fault fracturing. Analysis of the data confirms that the distribution of faulting has an undulating character. Analysis of observations showed that the deviation of the crossing line of fault plane with the seam from the middle line is subject to the normal law of random variable distribution. Thus, the studies and the obtained results allow planning mining operations assessing the utility while developing fault areas

Underestimating the true impact of obesity Reply

Non peer reviewe

Unresolved grief and its consequences. A nationwide follow-up of teenage loss of a parent to cancer 6-9 years earlier.

PURPOSE: The early loss of a parent is a tragedy and a serious life event. This study investigated grief resolution and morbidity in cancer-bereaved teenagers 6 to 9 years after the loss of a parent to cancer. METHODS: In a nationwide population-based study of 622 of 851 (73 %) youths who as teenagers 6 to 9 years earlier had lost a parent to cancer, we explored the magnitude of unresolved grief and its association with psychological and physiological morbidity. Participants answered a study-specific anonymous questionnaire including questions about if they had worked through their grief and about their current health. RESULTS: Six to nine years post-loss 49 % reported unresolved grief (8 % no and 41 % a little grief resolution). They had, in comparison with youths reporting resolved grief, statistically significantly elevated risks, e.g. for insomnia (sons' relative risk (RR) 2.3, 95 % CI 1.3-4.0; daughters' RR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.1-2.7), fatigue (sons' RR 1.8, 95 % CI 1.3-2.5; daughters' RR 1.4, 95 % CI 1.1-1.7) and moderate to severe depression, i.e. score >9, PHQ-9 (sons' RR 3.6, 95 % CI 1.4-8.8; daughters' RR 1.8, 95 % CI 1.1-3.1). Associations remained for insomnia in sons, exhaustion in daughters and fatigue in both sons and daughters when depression, negative intrusive thoughts and avoiding reminders of the parents' disease or death were included in a model. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of cancer-bereaved youth report no or little grief resolution 6 to 9 years post-loss, which is associated with fatigue, sleeping problems and depressive symptoms

Focus on diffuse axonal injury

No abstract

Surveillance of Ruminant Diseases in the Nordic Countries

<p/> <p>All the Nordic countries have a basis for their surveillance and disease control in ruminants in national legislation and regulations listing notifiable diseases of concern to the countries. The Nordic countries are a disease-free zone comparing to other parts of the world and the aim of the surveillance is to keep that status and be able to document it. Following is a short summary from each country.</p

Extension of nano-confined DNA: quantitative comparison between experiment and theory

The extension of DNA confined to nanochannels has been studied intensively and in detail. Yet quantitative comparisons between experiments and model calculations are difficult because most theoretical predictions involve undetermined prefactors, and because the model parameters (contour length, Kuhn length, effective width) are difficult to compute reliably, leading to substantial uncertainties. Here we use a recent asymptotically exact theory for the DNA extension in the "extended de Gennes regime" that allows us to compare experimental results with theory. For this purpose we performed new experiments, measuring the mean DNA extension and its standard deviation while varying the channel geometry, dye intercalation ratio, and ionic buffer strength. The experimental results agree very well with theory at high ionic strengths, indicating that the model parameters are reliable. At low ionic strengths the agreement is less good. We discuss possible reasons. Our approach allows, in principle, to measure the Kuhn length and effective width of a single DNA molecule and more generally of semiflexible polymers in solution.Comment: Revised version, 6 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, supplementary materia

On the generalized linear equivalence of functions over finite fields

In this paper we introduce the concept of generalized linear equivalence between functions defined over finite fields; this can be seen as an extension of the classical criterion of linear equivalence, and it is obtained by means of a particular geometric representation of the functions. After giving the basic definitions, we prove that the known equivalence relations can be seen as particular cases of the proposed generalized relationship and that there exist functions that are generally linearly equivalent but are not such in the classical theory. We also prove that the distributions of values in the Difference Distribution Table (DDT) and in the Linear Approximation Table (LAT) are invariants of the new transformation; this gives us the possibility to find some Almost Perfect Nonlinear (APN) functions that are not linearly equivalent (in the classical sense) to power functions, and to treat them accordingly to the new formulation of the equivalence criterion

Phenomenon of Cloning and specificity of its usage

Cloning is studied by different branches of science. Medicine is interested in cloning because of its ability to transplant special tissues and organs, genetics - with the purpose of studying heredity and succession, sociology deals with moral and ethic aspects of the phenomenon. The paper is devoted to the study of cloning, its special features and usage in different spheres of social life. The article represents main types of cloning, specificity of vegetative and animal cloning and problems of its expansion. The paper also demonstrates the actual topic of nowadays studies connected with human cloning and its aftereffects for science and society. The article may be useful for a wide audience and for people, who are interested in studies of cloning and problems of its realization

Job strain as a risk factor for leisure-time physical inactivity: an individual-participant meta-analysis of up to 170,000 men and women: the IPD-Work Consortium

Unfavorable work characteristics, such as low job control and too high or too low job demands, have been suggested to increase the likelihood of physical inactivity during leisure time, but this has not been verified in large-scale studies. The authors combined individual-level data from 14 European cohort studies (baseline years from 1985–1988 to 2006–2008) to examine the association between unfavorable work characteristics and leisure-time physical inactivity in a total of 170,162 employees (50% women; mean age, 43.5 years). Of these employees, 56,735 were reexamined after 2–9 years. In cross-sectional analyses, the odds for physical inactivity were 26% higher (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.15, 1.38) for employees with high-strain jobs (low control/high demands) and 21% higher (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 1.31) for those with passive jobs (low control/low demands) compared with employees in low-strain jobs (high control/low demands). In prospective analyses restricted to physically active participants, the odds of becoming physically inactive during follow-up were 21% and 20% higher for those with high-strain (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 1.32) and passive (odds ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 1.30) jobs at baseline. These data suggest that unfavorable work characteristics may have a spillover effect on leisure-time physical activity