Descriptive analysis of Finnish equity, bond and money market returns

This paper gathers the longest available historical monthly return series for the Finnish equity, bond and money markets as well as inflation. The series are analysed to calculate the statistical characteristics of the returns investors would have received in these markets. We also survey existing literature concerning the history of these markets and review the main developments to facilitate future research on the long-term development of the Finnish markets. Using a new total return stock market index for Finland in an approach similar to Mehra and Prescott (2003), we find the equity premium for Finland to be 10.14 per cent from 1913 to 2009.equity market; bond market; money market; risk premium; Finland; Helsinki Stock Exchange; performance

A new value-weighted total return index for the Finnish stock market

This paper presents a new monthly value-weighted, all-share total return index for the Finnish stock market. The index covers the period from the establishment of the Helsinki Stock Exchange in October 1912 to the beginning of 1970, after which the WI index by Berglund et al (1983) and later in December 1990, the Exchange’s own HEX index are available. When combined, these can be used to study the development of the Finnish equity market without a break from the beginning of the stock market until the present day. We also provide a detailed description of the construction methodology and a comparison between our index and those available earlier. The new index replaces the Unitas price index, which has been the only index available for long-term studies from 1928 onwards. The new index also provides an alternative to the book equity weighted Poutvaara (1996) price index for the period 1912–1929.stock market index; Finland; Helsinki Stock Exchange; Nasdaq OMX; OMXH; Unitas

Underestimating the true impact of obesity Reply

Non peer reviewe

Equity premium in Finland and long-term performance of the Finnish equity and money markets

Using new monthly series collected together for the first time for Finland, this paper analyses the performance and development of the Finnish equity and money markets as well as the equity premium and inflation from 1912 to 2009. The series are analyzed and compared to similar series from Sweden and USA. Continuously compounded nominal returns in Finland have been high, 12.91 and 6.44 % per annum for the stock and money markets, respectively. However, taking into account the high annual average inflation rate of 7.77, the Finnish market has provided clearly lower real returns than the US market. On the other hand, the equity premium, 10.14 % per annum, is found to be comparable to that of the United States (9.35 %) and higher than that in Sweden (6.01 %) using an approach similar to Mehra and Prescott (Handbook of the economics of finance, vol 1B. Financial Markets and Asset Pricing, North Holland, 2003). Finally, our empirical evidence suggests that as the Finnish stock market has matured, it shows an increasing degree of informational efficiency while at the same time becoming more intertwined with international markets.</p

Rakennustuotannon työnjohdon työ ja työkyky 2011

Tässä raportissa kerrotaan, millaista rakennustuotannon työnjohdon työ on ja millainen on heidän työkykynsä vuonna 2011. Lisäksi kerrotaan muutospaja -menetelmästä, jonka tavoitteena on työnjohdon työn ja työolojen kehittäminen. Raportissa käsitellään rakennustuotannon työnjohdolle ja työpäälliköille tehdyn kyselyn ja haastattelujen sekä työmaakäyntien ja hankeyritysten muutospajojen tuloksia

Emotional demands at work and risk of long-term sickness absence in 1·5 million employees in Denmark : a prospective cohort study on effect modifiers

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: High emotional demands at work can affect employees’ health and there is a need to understand whether such an association might be modified by other working conditions. We aimed to examine emotional demands at work as a risk factor for long-term sickness absence and analyse whether influence, possibilities for development, role conflicts, and physical demands at work might modify this risk. Methods: We did a nationwide, population-based, prospective cohort study in Denmark and included employed individuals who were residing in Denmark in 2000, aged 30–59 years, who had complete data on age, sex, and migration background, with information on emotional demands and possible effect modifiers from job exposure matrices, and covariates and outcome (sickness absence) from population registers. Individuals with long-term sickness absence (≥6 weeks of consecutive sickness absence) between Jan 1, 1998, and Dec 31, 2000, and self-employed individuals were excluded. We assessed long-term sickness absence during a 10-year period from Jan 1, 2001, to Dec 31, 2010. Using Cox regression, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs and tested interaction as departure from additivity, estimating relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). Multivariable adjusted models included sex, age, cohabitation, migration background, and income. Findings: 1 521 352 employed individuals were included and contributed data between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2010. During 11 919 021 person-years (mean follow-up 7·8 years), we identified 480 685 new cases of long-term sickness absence. High emotional demands were associated with increased risk of long-term sickness absence compared with low emotional demands, after adjusting for age, sex, cohabitation, migration background, income, and the four possible effect modifiers (adjusted HR 1·55 [95% CI 1·53–1·56]). The association between high emotional demands and risk of long-term sickness absence was stronger in a synergistic way when individuals were also exposed to low possibilities for development (RERI 0·35 [95% CI 0·22–0·47]; 28·9 additional cases per 1000 person-years) and high role conflicts (0·13 [0·11–0·15]; 22·0 additional cases per 1000 person-years). No synergy was observed for influence and physical demands at work. Interpretation: People in occupations with high emotional demands were at increased risk of long-term sickness absence. Our findings on synergistic interactions suggest that, in emotionally demanding occupations, increasing possibilities for development and reducing work-related role conflicts might reduce long-term sickness absence. Further interventional studies are needed to confirm or refute this hypothesis. Funding: Danish Work Environment Research Fund, NordForsk.Peer reviewe

Ammattikuljettajan työhyvinvointi - turvallinen ja ergonominen työpäivä : Opettajan opas

Opettajan opas pyrkii edistämään tavaraliikenteen ammattikuljettajien työterveyttä, työturvallisuutta ja työn ergonomiaa. Opettajan opas tuotettiin Koulutus- ja tiedotusmateriaali jakeluautonkuljettajien ammattipätevyyskoulutukseen

Opettajan opas. Koulutus- ja tiedotusmateriaali kuljettajien ammattipätevyyskoulutukseen.

Opettajan opas pyrkii edistämään tavaraliikenteen ammattikuljettajien työterveyttä, työturvallisuutta ja työn ergonomiaa

Individual and Combined Effects of Job Strain Components on Subsequent Morbidity and Mortality

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.Non peer reviewe