Prevalence and awareness of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adult population in Mwanza city, Tanzania

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is increasing rapidly around the world. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and awareness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mwanza city, Tanzania. A multistage random sampling technique was used to obtain representative subjects. Information about causes and risk factors were collected using structured questionnaire. In addition, community random blood glucose testing was employed to identify those at risk. Subjects with ≥200mg/dl on the following day were subjected to fasting blood glucose testing and they were confirmed to have T2DM if they had blood glucose level of ≥126mg/dl. In each subject, height, weight, waist and hip circumferences and total fat and fat free mass were measured using standard procedures. A total of 640 participants were included in this study, 55% were females and 45% were males. Mean age of the respondent was 43.84 ± 10.80 years. Most (46.4%) respondents were in the age group 30-40 years. Mean age for females was 44.0 ± 10.31 years while for males was 43.6 ± 11.3 years (Table 1). Overall prevalence of T2DM was 11.9%, (n=76). Prevalence was high in females (7.2%; n=46) than in males (4.7%; n=30). The age between 41-50 years had the highest prevalence of T2DM 28.6% followed by 51-60 years age group (17.2%). Significant independent associations were found for age (OR 3.88, 95% CI: 2.16-6.95) positive first degree relative with T2DM (OR 1.34; 95%C: 1.10-1.64) alcohol intake (OR 1.23; 95%CI: 1.02-1.48,) smoking (OR 3.86; 95%CI: 2.57-5.78) and hypertension (OR 0.096; 95%CI: 1.954-18.251). Only 49.2 (n=315) of the respondents knew about the causes and symptoms of T2DM. Public education on T2DM should be emphasized and routine measurement of blood glucose levels is recommended among adults

Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: A problem of the rich or the poor?

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a well recognized risk factor for various chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to shed light on the patterns of overweight and obesity in sub-Saharan Africa, with special interest in differences between the urban poor and the urban non-poor. The specific goals were to describe trends in overweight and obesity among urban women; and examine how these trends vary by education and household wealth. METHODS: The paper used Demographic and Health Surveys data from seven African countries where two surveys had been carried out with an interval of at least 10 years between them. Among the countries studied, the earliest survey took place in 1992 and the latest in 2005. The dependent variable was body mass index coded as: Not overweight/obese; Overweight; Obese. The key covariates were time lapse between the two surveys; woman's education; and household wealth. Control variables included working status, age, marital status, parity, and country. Multivariate ordered logistic regression in the context of the partial proportional odds model was used. RESULTS: Descriptive results showed that the prevalence of urban overweight/obesity increased by nearly 35% during the period covered. The increase was higher among the poorest (+50%) than among the richest (+7%). Importantly, there was an increase of 45-50% among the non-educated and primary-educated women, compared to a drop of 10% among women with secondary education or higher. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of the variable time lapse was 1.05 (p < 0.01), indicating that the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased by about 5% per year on average in the countries in the study. While the rate of change in urban overweight/obesity did not significantly differ between the poor and the rich, it was substantially higher among the non-educated women than among their educated counterparts. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity are on the rise in Africa and might take epidemic proportions in the near future. Like several other public health challenges, overweight and obesity should be tackled and prevented early as envisioned in the WHO Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health

Risk Factors Associated with Elevated Blood Glucose Among Adults in Mwanza City, Tanzania

Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2015; 14(2) : 90-100Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is increasing at alarming rates posing significant health problem in Tanzania. Urbanization with economic advancement has led to lifestyle behaviors such as high intake of dense caloric foods, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and limited intake of fruits and vegetables. All these have been associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and T2DM. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the risk factors and lifestyles characteristics associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in Mwanza city, Tanzania. A multistage random sampling technique was used to obtain 640 male and females respondents aged 30 and above years. Data were collected through face to face interview by using a structured questionnaire which was constructed to solicit information about risk factors and lifestyle characteristics of the respondents. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist and hip circumferences and total fat and fat free mass were also taken. Random blood glucose and blood pressure levels were measured. Prevalence of overweight in the studied population was 10.5% in males and 18.1% in females. Most females (60.8%; n=79) had waist hip ratio of ≥ 0.85. BMI and body fat were significantly (p˂0.05) related to elevated blood glucose. It was further noted that, relationship between diabetic respondents with their first degree relatives with diabetes was significant (p˂0.05). The relative risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus by having first class relative with the disease was RR 2.11, (95% CI: 1.4-3.1). There was a strong (p˂0.05) association between smoking and elevated blood glucose. It can be concluded that it is of utmost importance to intervene, and modify lifestyle behaviours of adults so as to reduce the risks of developing T2DM

Effect of nutrition education intervention and lifestyle behaviors on management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mwanza city, Tanzania

Journal of Continuing Education and Extension, 2015; 6(1): 775-788Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. This study aimed at assessing the effect of nutrition education intervention on the lifestyle behaviors and management of T2DM among adult diabetic patients who attended a clinic at Bugando hospital, Mwanza city for a period of one year during 2013. A cross-sectional study design was used to identify the population at risk of T2DM, from which random blood testing for glucose testing was conducted. Thereafter, a fasting blood glucose test was performed for the study sample with elevated blood sugar (>200 mg/dl) to confirm the cases (individuals suffering from T2DM).The cases were subjected to nutrition and lifestyle education intervention programme for one year. Findings showed that baseline mean fasting blood glucose was 285.15:=86.08ing/d1. Mean age was 55.8525 ± 9.36 years while the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 28.18 kg/m2, falling within the overweight category(24.9-29.9kg/m2); and there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in fasting blood glucose between males and females. After the intervention, results revealed that fluting blood glucose levels were observed to decrease gradually from the baseline period up to 12 months. The difference in blood glucose levels between clinical visits (three months) was found to be significant (p<0.05). There was about 34% average decrease in blood glucose levels from the baseline survey to the post-intervention measure. Fasting blood glucose during baseline was significantly higher (p<0.05) than at the 3months after intervention. There was 7.3% mean decrease in average body weight from the baseline to the post intervention measurement. Mean BMI also decreased gradually with time. This study revealed that nutrition and modification of lifestyle behavior such as participation in exercises and reducing the amount of starch had delayed the effects' of T2DMby one year. It is therefore, possible to delay or prevent the development of complications of diabetes by adherence to clinical recommendation on nutrition and lifestyle modification

Health Status of hospitalized elderly in Morogoro Regional Hospital

(East African Medical Journal 2001 78 (9): 489-492

BASAL METABOLIC RATE AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF RURAL FARMERS IN MAGUBIKE VILLAGE, KILOSA DISTRICT, TANZANIA

ABSTRACT Measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) provides an important baseline for the determination of an individual&apos;s total energy requirement. The study sought to establish human energy expenditure of rural farmers in Magubike village in Tanzania, through determination of BMR, physical activity level (PAL) and total energy expenditure (TEE). In addition, the study intended to provide an indication of the level of energy requirement for the rural people of Tanzania. The objective of the study was to determine energy expenditure of farmers in comparison to the mean caloric intake per capita and the WHO/FAO recommended energy requirements for developing countries. A cross-sectional study design involving 33 male and 31 female farmers was conducted on randomly selected households. Basal Metabolic rate and household activities were measured by indirect calorimetry, using the Douglas bag technique. Physical activity Level was measured by twenty-four hour activity diary and TEE calculated as a product of BMR and PAL. Men&apos;s BMR was 4.7 MJ/day while that of women was 4.3 MJ/day. Farmers mean PAL was 2.20 ± 0.25 in men and 2.05 ± 0.23 in females and TEE was 10.24 MJ/day in men and 8.57 MJ/day in women. Both BMR and TEE were higher in men than in women. The measured energy expenditure for digging and weeding were 1.57 ± 0.3 kJ/min; 1.36 ± 0.31kJ/min in men and 1.58 ± 0.3 kJ/min; 1.49 ± 0.33 kJ/min in women. It was revealed that total energy expenditure of farmers in Magubike village was high with the values being above the mean daily calorie requirement per capita for Tanzania (8.15 MJ/day) but within the WHO/FAO recommended energy requirements (11.26 MJ/day) for developing countries. High energy expenditure was attributed to high energy levels spent in farm activities which were manual and labour intensive. This is likely to be the situation in many rural areas of Tanzania. More work on measurement of costs of farm activities and farmers work capacity are necessary to provide recommendations on energy needs of rural farmers

Effect of nutrition education intervention and lifestyle behaviors on management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mwanza city, Tanzania

Journal of Continuing Education and Extension, 2015; 6(1): 775-788Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. This study aimed at assessing the effect of nutrition education intervention on the lifestyle behaviors and management of T2DM among adult diabetic patients who attended a clinic at Bugando hospital, Mwanza city for a period of one year during 2013. A cross-sectional study design was used to identify the population at risk of T2DM, from which random blood testing for glucose testing was conducted. Thereafter, a fasting blood glucose test was performed for the study sample with elevated blood sugar (>200 mg/dl) to confirm the cases (individuals suffering from T2DM).The cases were subjected to nutrition and lifestyle education intervention programme for one year. Findings showed that baseline mean fasting blood glucose was 285.15:=86.08ing/d1. Mean age was 55.8525 ± 9.36 years while the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 28.18 kg/m2, falling within the overweight category(24.9-29.9kg/m2); and there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in fasting blood glucose between males and females. After the intervention, results revealed that fluting blood glucose levels were observed to decrease gradually from the baseline period up to 12 months. The difference in blood glucose levels between clinical visits (three months) was found to be significant (p<0.05). There was about 34% average decrease in blood glucose levels from the baseline survey to the post-intervention measure. Fasting blood glucose during baseline was significantly higher (p<0.05) than at the 3months after intervention. There was 7.3% mean decrease in average body weight from the baseline to the post intervention measurement. Mean BMI also decreased gradually with time. This study revealed that nutrition and modification of lifestyle behavior such as participation in exercises and reducing the amount of starch had delayed the effects' of T2DMby one year. It is therefore, possible to delay or prevent the development of complications of diabetes by adherence to clinical recommendation on nutrition and lifestyle modification

Nutritional status of tinder — five year children in selected Villages of Mvomero and Kongwa Districts, Tanzania

Journal of continuing education and extension, 2015; 6(1): 882-901,Malnutrition remains a significant public health problem in Tanzania. The study was. carried to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and causes associated with it in Alvomero and Kon,t,iiva Districts, Tanzania. .4 structured questionnaire teas used to determine dietary pattern of the households and anthropometric measurements were taken to assess the nutritional status of the under-live years of age children. Sixty mothers with under -five year's children were recruited. Data for this study were analyzed to obtain frequencies. percentages, means and standard deviation. Chi square lest and Analysis of lariance (.41VOL4) were used to assess the association between a child's nutritional status and the independent variables considered relevant for this study. The findings indicate that most of the mothers were between the age of 25 and 3-1 years with a mean age of 31.6 years.. Alajority of the respondents (66.5%) were married, and the mean Jamily sizell'US 6.2 people per household. The main economic activity in the study area wasfilrIlling. A total of -4 under-Jive year's children were involved, of which 55.4% were males and 44.6% were females. Household dietary pattern was of medium diversity. Protein foods and fruits were rarely consumed. Consequently the nutritional status of children was generally .suboptimal. The overall prevalence of stunting Was' higher in Kongwa District 67.3%1Or children aged 12 to 23 months compared to 33.3% in Afvomero. Factors which were .significantly associated with nutritional status' of the children include location where the child lives., the child's age as well as. the mother's educational level, introduction of complementary foods, type of conwlementary food, feeding frequency and the sex of the household head. It is' therefOre recommended that female education, nutritional education and gender .training he adopted because they will improve the nutritional status of children

Preferences and consumption of pigeon peas among rural households as determinants for developing diversified products for sustainable health

Article of sustainability 2020,Pigeon peas are legumes with a high nutritional value. Existing studies of pigeon peas in Tanzania mainly examine production and marketing, but little has been documented with respect to consumer preferences and the consumption of pigeon peas. This study assesses the preferences surrounding pigeon peas and their consumption as bases for the development of diversified and shelf-stable products for nutrition and income improvement. This study comprised 303 randomly selected farming households. Furthermore, 60 farmers participated in six focus group discussions in the Lindi region. A structured questionnaire and a checklist with guided questions were provided for data collection. The analysis uses SPSS (V.21), with di erences between groups established using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. The associations were tested using Spearman’s at p < 0.05. The mean pigeon peas consumption during the harvesting and lean seasons was 80 g/person/day and 18 g/person/day, respectively. The frequency of consumption was higher during the harvesting season (92%) than the lean (29%) season. The majority of farmers (91%) preferred to consume the local variety, with 84% of them consuming pigeon peas as stew. Five pigeon pea recipes exist in the area. The farmers identified availability, taste, source of income, and familiarity as the factors determining pigeon pea consumption and preferences. With limited recipes and other barriers limiting consumption, the creation of innovative ideas for the development of diversified and shelf-stable products fitting their consumption preferences is needed