A migráció és a magyar migránsok jellemzői 1999-2011

In this paper we use the Hungarian Central Statistical Office’s Labour Force Survey to examine the rate of Hungarian inhabitants working abroad between 1999 and 2011. We also examine the charac teristics of this group. A break in trend can be observed in the fourth quarter of 2009 in the rate of Hungarians with a foreign workplace . The growth of the rate has accelerated since then. Working abroad – including commuting between countries – is more frequent in the group of men and in the age group between 20 and 30 years. Considering education, vocational school and university degree make working abroad the most likely but this effect does not apply the same way in different geographical regions. In more developed regions the effect of education is stronger and the odds of working abroad are the highest for people with university degree. In less developed regions vocational training increases the most the odds of working in another country. The effec t of age also differs: while in less developed regions being above the age of 40 decreases significantly the odds of working abroad, in developed regions this effect does not apply

The effect of the CYP 2C19*2 polymorphism on stroke care

Clopidogrel is an inhibitor of platelet-aggregation used in the prevention of secondary stroke. The molecule is activated by the cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) enzyme. The frequent CYP2C19*2 point mutation causes loss of enzyme function, a decreased (heterozygous form) or blocked (homozygous form) formation of the active molecule. Thus, for a patient harboring a mutated allele, clopidogrel does not provide effective protection against stroke. Multiple drugs inhibit the CYP2C19 enzyme and their simultaneous use with clopidogrel is especially hazardous for patients with genetically decreased enzyme activity. Frequency of the CYP2C19*2 is variable in different populations, highest rates were detected in some Asian groups. In our study the CYP2C19 genotype was determined in one Hungarian sample of 354 stroke patients and 221 healthy controls. Frequency of the minor allele was found to be 12.87% (12.85% in stroke patients, 12.89% in healthy controls). The proportion of the homozygous CYP2C19*2 variant causing total loss of gene function was 1.74%, rate of the heterozygous allele causing reduced enzyme activity was 22.26% in the total population. Our results for the allele frequencies of the CYP2C19*2 gene are similar to those found in other Caucasian populations. In conclusion, the homozygous mutation, causing ineffectiveness of clopidogrel is relatively rare. However, the heterozygous form in which interaction of CYP2C19 inhibitors causes further decrease in the genetically impaired enzyme activity is present in every fifth drug-taking patient. Based on our findings, we would like to emphasize that it is important to adjust individually antiplatelet treatment in ischemic stroke patients and to take into consideration genetic factors as well as drugs taken for comorbid conditions