Exploring the Three-Way Destination Safety Solution to Crisis Management in Tourist Destinations in Rural Nigeria

Development of tourist destinations is among topical issues in national discourse for economic growth and sustainability. The past two decades have witnessed massive development and investment in tourist destinations in rural areas. This is owing to the fact that rural tourism has been identified as among the development options for rural communities in most developing nations. Of recent, crisis and other safety issues have been among the militating factors against tourist destinations hence the cry for destination safety. These are said to emanate from the activities of the three major principals in the management of tourist destinations (hosts, tourism resources, and tourists/visitors). Incidentally, destination safety discourse is source of worry for these principal factors in tourist destination management. This has left many tourist destinations devastated, abandoned and abused. However, this chapter proposal would seek to identify the way out of this predicament. It tends to explore the meaning and application of the three-way destination safety (TWaDeSS) model in the management of crisis at tourist destinations in rural Nigeria. This will not only promote harmony among the three major principals in tourist destination but also enhance the rate of investment as a result of quality crisis control in these destinations

Developing Heritage Tourism in Imo State, Nigeria: Socio-Economic and Cultural Gains

The Igbo area of Nigeria and other parts of Africa has unique natural environment coupled with the rich socio-cultural characteristics making one of the notable beehives of heritage tourists. This is peculiar to areas with harnessed heritage tourism potentials. The major challenge has been the knowledge of the availability of heritage tourism potentials, indispensable contribution of heritage tourism to socio-economic development, and sustainable development and management of heritage resources for tourism promotion. Imo, as one of the 36 states of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is distinguished amongst other states in the Igbo area of Nigeria with great potentials of heritage tourism development. This is made manifest in the availability of various classes of heritage resources that are evenly distributed amongst various communities in the state. This paper had an in-depth study on the heritage resources in Imo State and their various classes. The paper also looked at various developmental stratagem and models towards ensuring a sustainable heritage tourism development in the state for socio-economic development and preservation of the heritage resources and rich value system of the people. Keywords: Imo, Sustainable tourism, preservation, heritage resources, heritage tourism, socio-economic development, Cultural gains, TCIM Model

Quality Learning At Tourist Destinations: The Nexus of Tourism and Adult Education

Amongst the major threats to the preservation and sustenance of tourist destinations is attitude of tourists to these destinations. This has functioned from ignorance and poor orientation programmes; resulting to intolerance and conflicts amongst tourists and their hosts. No thanks to the varying behavioural backgrounds and desire to explore. This paper worked on the integration of adult education in tourism; using adult education to ameliorate rate of ignorance and intolerance at tourist destinations towards bridging the gap between tourists and tourist destinations through quality learning and orientation programmes. Various tools and techniques in adult education were employed. Also the paper functioned as a catalyst for interdisciplinary trend in the field of academics towards ensuring quality, progressive and diversified knowledge. The paper revealed the essence of adult education to tourism development. Keywords: tourism, adult education, tourist destination, tourist

Indigenous Communities and Community Development Principles in South-East Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects

Indigenous communities have fallen victims of underdevelopment arising from the remote nature of their environment coupled with public/private concentration on the urban areas for meaningful infrastructural and super-structural development. This situation has deprived most of these indigenous communities in Nigeria of unleashing their potentials and maximum utilization of their human and non-human resources for socio-economic development in their environment. This paper is motivated by this scenario to look for ways of improving the course of indigenous communities through optimal use of their unharnessed potentials for socio-economic development. The paper discussed the principles of community development, its challenges and prospects for socio-economic growth and sustenance of indigenous communities in Nigeria. This will function as a catalyst for empowering indigenous communities towards socio-economic and sustainable development. Keywords: Indigenous communities, community development, principles, challenges and prospects, sustainability

Community Development and Tourism: A Socio-economic Analysis of Tourism Impacts in Bauchi

Community development and tourism have been functioning as amongst global perfect merge for economic and general development of communities. Tourism over the years has distinguished itself as one of the major tools for income generation and poverty alleviation in both rural and urban areas in developing nations like Nigeria. Participation in tourism-related economic activities contributes immensely in the community development of localities or places. Hence, the central aim of community development is to positively affect lives and standard of living of a people. Localities with equitable tourism potentials stand a better chance in maximizing the contributions of tourism to their economic lives by actively initiating and participating in various tourism businesses; small and large scale businesses. This paper surveyed Bauchi town in Nigeria, with the above premise in mind and ended up studying the economic impacts of tourism on community development in Bauchi, degree of participation by the community and the role of the community towards tourism development in the area. At the end, it was discovered that tourism related businesses dominates economic related businesses in the area, virtually all social classes of people in Bauchi participate in one or more tourism-related businesses and finally, active participation of the community aid the development and sustenance of tourism in the area. Keywords: Community Development, Tourism, Economy, Impact.

Safety Perception and Implications for Sustainable Air Transport Business

This study was an attempt to understand travellers’ perceptions of safety provision at one of the local airports in Nigeria, and the resultant effect on the airport patronage. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to compare the opinions of male and female travellers at the airport. The study was conducted prior to the closure of the airport in late 2019. The result shows that travellers perceived available safety provision at the airport to be average in efficiency and that this has resulted to average patronage at the airport. This is completely the opinion of travellers. The study was also able to understand that there are some challenges deterring the airport from getting the needed level of safety provision. However, observations at the airport revealed that the Federal Government of Nigeria is currently revamping the standard of the airport to meet international best practice in airport management. The airport has been closed (shortly after this study) for some months now (still closed as at June 2020) to enable for timely and successful completion of the ongoing renovations and upgrading at the airport. The study has implications for safety contribution to airport management and efficiency in developing nations

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030