47 research outputs found
Ovariectomy-induced changes in the adrenal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats
Many lines of evidence indicate that
adrenocortical steroid hormones are involved in the
development and maintenance of hypertension in
spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Twenty-eight
days after ovariectomy a notable decrease in the sistolic
blood pressure (BP) was found in SHR, along with a
marked atrophy of their adrenal cortices. The hypothesis
is advanced that the ovariectomy-induced lowering in
BP in SHR may be, at least partly, mediated by the
suppression of the adrenal secretory activity, due to the
lack of circulating estrogens, which are well known to
stimulate hypophyseal ACTH release
Different effects of neurotensin and neuromedin-N on the proliferative activity of rat adrenal cortex
Evidence indicates that neurotensin (NT) and
neuromedin-N (NMN) exerts an adrenocorticotropic
effect in the rat. The present study aimed to investigate
whether these neuropeptides are able to stimulate the
proliferation of rat adrenocortical cells in vivo and
to compare their mode of action. Adrenocortical
proliferative activity was assessed by the metaphasearrest
technique and metaphases were counted
per medulla-containing adrenal section. A bolus
administration of NT (3 pglrat) resulted in a significant
increase in the number of metaphases in both zona
fasciculata and the entire cortex, an effect observed 48 h
after the in.jection. The administration of NMN (3 yglrat)
induced a notable rise in the number of metaphases in
the zona fasciculata and the entire cortex within 12 h,
followed by a subsequent drop after 24 h and a return to
normal values at 48 h. These findings indicate that NT
and NMN enhance rat adrenal growth in vivo acting via
different mediators
Proliferation and distribution of adrenocortical cells in the gland of ACTH- or dexamethasone-treated rats
The effects of prolonged (7-day) ACTH and
dexamethasone administrations on rat adrenocorticalcell
turnover have been investigated by combined
stereological and metaphase-arrest techniques. ACTH
was found to increase the number of parenchymal cells in
each adrenal zone; however, ACTH altered the cell
distribution in the cortex, lowering their percentage in
the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculata (ZF)
and enhancing it in the zona reticularis (ZR). The cell
birth-rate was markedly raised by ACTH exclusively in
ZG and ZF. Dexamethasone notably decreased the
number of ZF and ZR cells, without altering that of ZG
cells. Moreover. dexamethasone increased the percentage
of parenchymal cells in ZG and ZF, and lowered
it in ZR. In the adrenal cortices of dexamethasoneadministered
animals, metaphases were virtually absent.
These data indicate that ACTH increases the cell birthrate
in ZG and possibly ZF, and enhances the centripetal
migration of newly-formed cells and their accumulation
in ZR. Dexamethasone inhibits both proliferation of
adrenocortical cells in the outer cortical layers and their
centripetal migration into ZR. Moreover, it appears to
cause parenchymal-cell loss in the inner adrenocortical
layers
Nonclassic endogenous regulators of angiogenesis
Angiogenesis, the process through which new blood vessels arise from preexisting ones, is regulated by several "classic" factors, among which the most studied are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). In recent years, investigations showed that, in addition to the classic factors, numerous endogenous peptides play a relevant regulatory role in angiogenesis. Such regulatory peptides, each of which exerts well-known specific biological activities, are present, along with their receptors, in the blood vessels and may take part in the control of the "angiogenic switch." An in vivo and in vitro proangiogenic effect has been demonstrated for erythropoietin, angiotensin II (ANG-II), endothelins (ETs), adrenomedullin (AM), proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP), urotensin-II, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, neuropeptide-Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), and substance P. There is evidence that the angiogenic action of some of these peptides is at least partly mediated by their stimulating effect on VEGF (ANG-II, ETs, PAMP, resistin, VIP and PACAP) and/or FGF-2 systems (PAMP and leptin). AM raises the expression of VEGF in endothelial cells, but VEGF blockade does not affect the proangiogenic action of AM. Other endogenous peptides have been reported to exert an in vivo and in vitro antiangiogenic action. These include somatostatin and natriuretic peptides, which suppress the VEGF system, and ghrelin, that antagonizes FGF-2 effects. Investigations on "nonclassic" regulators of angiogenesis could open new perspectives in the therapy of diseases coupled to dysregulation of angiogenesis
Effects of the prolonged administration of bradykinin on the rat pituitary-adrenocortical axis
The effects of a prolonged administration of
bradykinin (BK) andlor D-Arg, [Hyp3, D - P ~ ~ ~ I - aB K ,
specific antagonist of BK receptors (BK-A) (daily
subcutaneous injections of 4 nmol/rat for 6 days) on the
function of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis were
investigated. BK did not change plasma aldosterone
concentration (PAC), but markedly lowered that of
corticosterone (PBC) and consequently induced a
compensatory hypersecretion of ACTH by the pituitary
gland. BK-A did not apparently affect the function and
growth of the adrenal gland, but, when administered
together with BK, markedly raised both PAC and PBC,
and provoked a significant atrophy of the adrenal gland,
probably due to loss of parenchymal cells. Taken
together, these rather puzzling findings do not appear to
provide clear evidence for the involvement of BK in the
physiological regulation of adrenocortical growth and
steroidogenic capacity in rats
The role of neuromedin B in the regulation of rat pituitary-adrenocortical function
The effects of a 7-day administration of
neuromedin B (NMB) andlor ( ~ ~D-rphe~12,)-b ornbesin,
an NMB-receptor antagonist (NMB-A) on the function
of pituitary-adrenocortical axis were investigated in
the rat. NMB raised the plasma concentration of
aldosterone, without affecting that of ACTH or
corticosterone; the simultaneous administration of
NMB-A prevented the effect of NMB. Neither NMB nor
NMB-A treatments induced significant changes in
adenohypophysis and adrenal weights, nor in the average
volume of zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis cells.
NMB-A administration lowered the volume of zona
fasciculata cells, an effect annulled by the concomitant
NMB administration. Our results suggest that NMB
specifically stimulates aldosterone secretion, and that
endogenous NMB or NMB-like peptides exert a tonic
stimulating action on the growth of zona fasciculata
cells
Effects of bombesin on the morphology and
The acute and chronic effects of bornbesin
(BM) on the structure and function of rat adrenal
cortex were investigated by rnorphornetric and
radioirnrnunological techniques. An intraperitoneal bolus
injection of 2 yglrat BM rnarkedly raised plasma
corticosterone (B) concentration (PBC). The intraperitoneal
BM infusion (1 yg/rat.h-l) for 1, 2 or 4
days evoked a notable increase in the nurnber of
adrenocortical cells, without inducing apparent changes
in either PBC or B output by adrenal quarters. Since
proliferation and expression of specialized functions are
rnutually exclusive states of cells, our findings suggest
that the conspicuous stirnulation of adrenocortical-cell
proliferation evoked by BM infusion may be responsible
for the apparent lack of effect of this treatrnent on B
secretion
Fine ultrastructure of chromaffin granules in rat adrenal medulla indicative of a vesicle-mediated secretory process
none5Observation by transmission electron microscopy, coupled with morphometric analysis and estimation procedure, revealed unique ultrastructural features in 25.94% of noradrenaline (NA)- and 16.85% of adrenaline (A)-containing granules in the rat adrenal medulla. These consisted of evaginations of the granule limiting membrane to form budding structures having different morphology and extension. In 14.8% of NA-granules and 12.0% of A-granules, outpouches were relatively short, looked like small blebs emerging from the granule surface and generally contained electron-dense material. A proportion of 11.2% of NA-granules and 4.9% of A-granules revealed the most striking ultrastructural features. These secretory organelles presented thin, elongated, tail-like or stem-like appendages, which were variably filled by chromaffin substance and terminated with spherical expansions of different electron-density. A cohort of vesicles of variable size (30 to 150 nm in diameter) and content was found either close to them or in the intergranular cytosol. Examination of adrenal medullary cells fixed by osmium-zinc iodide (ZIO) revealed fine electron dense precipitates in chromaffin granules, budding structures as well as cytoplasmic vesicles. This data indicate that a common constituent is revealed by the ZIO histochemical reaction in chromaffin cells. As catecholic compounds are the main tissue target of ZIO complexes, catecholamines are good candidates to be responsible for the observed ZIO reactivity. This study adds further to the hypothesis that release of secretory material from chromaffin granules may be accomplished by a vesiclular transport mechanism typical of piecemeal degranulation.noneCrivellato E; D. GUIDOLIN; Nico B; Nussdorfer GG; Ribatti DCrivellato, E; Guidolin, Diego; Nico, B; Nussdorfer, Gg; Ribatti, D
Chromaffin granules in the rat adrenal medulla release their secretory content in a particulate fashion
none4noneCRIVELLATO E; BELLONI A.S.; NUSDORFER GG; RIBATTI D.Crivellato, E; Belloni, ANNA SANDRA; Nusdorfer, Gastone; Ribatti, D