Еstimation of randomity of generators of keys of the crypto system

The aim of the study is to develop an algorithm for constructing an integer random variable representing random components of the keys of the RSA cryptosystem, and determining the table for the distribution of its probabilities. The constructed random variable can be used to estimate the hypothesis that a given generator generates its values with the same probability with which a random variable takes these values. A hypothesis testing algorithm is provided, which is accompanied by a calculation table for a uniformly distributed random variable that takes primes from a given half-open interval

Роль Республики Казахстан в геополитической трансформации в рамках «Евразийского проекта»

In the process of researching the geopolitical transformation of the post-Soviet space as a «Eurasian project», the author uses the method of comparative analysis of the official foreign policy documents of the founding States of the Eurasian economic union. The author, highlighting Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus as subjects of the «integration core» in the post-Soviet space, reinforces the integration aspirations of these countries with economic data indicating their growing interdependence during the decade preceding the creation of the Union in may 2014.It is shown that the sanctions regime imposed by the Western countries on Russia and their negative impact on the economy of the EEU did not reduce the political will of the leaders of the «Troika» to continue further integration.A detailed research of the policy statements (publications) of the political leaders of the EEU «integration core» allows to determine the special role of Kazakhstan and its President N. Nazarbayev in the implementation of this large-scale geopolitical project.The author in considering programmatic foreign policy documents of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia offers to focus attention on the peculiarities of the positioning of the Eurasian economic union as integration entity. As a result, according to the author, the membership of Belarus in the «Eurasian project» was the result of a hard compromise for the Belarusian people. The Russian example shows that Moscow’s foreign policy vector was initially perceived by the EEU as a global project connecting Europe with the Asia-Pacific region. Now, however, Russia has positioned the EEU as a regional site. The author regards this as a decrease in the status of Eurasian integration and believes that this thesis looks very controversial. Kazakhstan, in turn, sees the «Eurasian project» as an opportunity to join the global economic chains. Thus, Astana attaches to the EEU exclusively global significance.The position of the Kazakh leader in the course of meetings with Western leaders is emphasized. The leader of Kazakhstan traditionally positions the EEU as an adequate and successful economic integration entity with which it is necessary to establish cooperation in all spheres. This allows him to be assigned the status of «advocate» of the «Eurasian project». At the same time, the article notes the support of the Eurasian views of N. Nazarbayev on the ideas of classical Eurasians P. Savitsky, G. Florovsky, N. Trubetskoy, G. Vernadsky, S. Solovyov, L. Gumilev.It is concluded that in the conditions of the remaining anti-Russian sanctions regime Kazakhstan’s participation in the EEU is one of the main factors of the legitimization of integration education at the regional and global levels. В процессе изучения такого явления геополитической трансформации постсоветского пространства как «Евразийский проект» автор использует метод сравнительного анализа официальных внешнеполитических документов государств-основателей Евразийского экономического союза. Автор, выделяя в качестве субъектов «интеграционного ядра» на постсоветском пространстве Казахстан, Россию и Беларусь, подкрепляет интеграционные устремления указанных стран экономическими данными, свидетельствующими об их растущей взаимозависимости на протяжении десятилетия, предшествующего созданию Союза в мае 2014 г.Введенный странами Запада санкционный режим в отношении России и их негативное влияние на экономику ЕАЭС не снизил политической воли лидеров «тройки» продолжить дальнейшую интеграцию. Детальное изучение программных выступлений (публикаций) политических лидеров стран «интеграционного ядра» ЕАЭС позволяет определить особую роль Казахстана и его Президента Н. Назарбаева в реализации этого масштабного геополитического проекта.При рассмотрении программных внешнеполитических документов Казахстана, Беларуси и России предлагается сфокусировать внимание на особенностях позиционирования ЕАЭС как интеграционного образования. В итоге, установлено, что членство Беларуси в «Евразийском проекте» стало результатом тяжелого компромисса для белорусского народа. На российском примере показано, что внешнеполитический вектор Москвы вначале воспринимал ЕАЭС как глобальный проект соединяющий Европу с Азиатско-Тихоокеанским регионом. Однако сейчас, Россия позиционирует ЕАЭС как региональную площадку. Автор расценивает это как снижение статуса евразийской интеграции и полагает, что этот тезис выглядит весьма спорно. Казахстан, в свою очередь, видит в «Евразийском проекте» возможность включиться с мировые экономические цепочки. Таким образом, Астана придает ЕАЭС исключительно глобальное значение.Особо подчеркивается позиция казахстанского лидера в ходе встреч с западными лидерами. Лидер Казахстана традиционно позиционирует ЕАЭС как адекватное и экономическое успешное интеграционное образование с которым необходимо налаживать сотрудничество во всех сферах. Это позволяет присвоить ему статус «адвоката» «Евразийского проекта». При этом, в статье отмечается опора евразийских взглядов Н. Назарбаева на идеи классических евразийцев П. Савицкого, Г. Флоровского, Н. Трубецкого, Г. Вернадского, С. Cоловьева, Л. Гумилева.Делается вывод о том, что в условиях сохраняющегося антироссийского санкционного режима участие Казахстана в ЕАЭС является одним из главных факторов легитимации интеграционного образования на региональном и глобальном уровнях.

Роль Республики Казахстан в геополитической трансформации в рамках «Евразийского проекта»

In the process of researching the geopolitical transformation of the post-Soviet space as a «Eurasian project», the author uses the method of comparative analysis of the official foreign policy documents of the founding States of the Eurasian economic union. The author, highlighting Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus as subjects of the «integration core» in the post-Soviet space, reinforces the integration aspirations of these countries with economic data indicating their growing interdependence during the decade preceding the creation of the Union in may 2014.It is shown that the sanctions regime imposed by the Western countries on Russia and their negative impact on the economy of the EEU did not reduce the political will of the leaders of the «Troika» to continue further integration.A detailed research of the policy statements (publications) of the political leaders of the EEU «integration core» allows to determine the special role of Kazakhstan and its President N. Nazarbayev in the implementation of this large-scale geopolitical project.The author in considering programmatic foreign policy documents of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia offers to focus attention on the peculiarities of the positioning of the Eurasian economic union as integration entity. As a result, according to the author, the membership of Belarus in the «Eurasian project» was the result of a hard compromise for the Belarusian people. The Russian example shows that Moscow’s foreign policy vector was initially perceived by the EEU as a global project connecting Europe with the Asia-Pacific region. Now, however, Russia has positioned the EEU as a regional site. The author regards this as a decrease in the status of Eurasian integration and believes that this thesis looks very controversial. Kazakhstan, in turn, sees the «Eurasian project» as an opportunity to join the global economic chains. Thus, Astana attaches to the EEU exclusively global significance.The position of the Kazakh leader in the course of meetings with Western leaders is emphasized. The leader of Kazakhstan traditionally positions the EEU as an adequate and successful economic integration entity with which it is necessary to establish cooperation in all spheres. This allows him to be assigned the status of «advocate» of the «Eurasian project». At the same time, the article notes the support of the Eurasian views of N. Nazarbayev on the ideas of classical Eurasians P. Savitsky, G. Florovsky, N. Trubetskoy, G. Vernadsky, S. Solovyov, L. Gumilev.It is concluded that in the conditions of the remaining anti-Russian sanctions regime Kazakhstan’s participation in the EEU is one of the main factors of the legitimization of integration education at the regional and global levels. В процессе изучения такого явления геополитической трансформации постсоветского пространства как «Евразийский проект» автор использует метод сравнительного анализа официальных внешнеполитических документов государств-основателей Евразийского экономического союза. Автор, выделяя в качестве субъектов «интеграционного ядра» на постсоветском пространстве Казахстан, Россию и Беларусь, подкрепляет интеграционные устремления указанных стран экономическими данными, свидетельствующими об их растущей взаимозависимости на протяжении десятилетия, предшествующего созданию Союза в мае 2014 г.Введенный странами Запада санкционный режим в отношении России и их негативное влияние на экономику ЕАЭС не снизил политической воли лидеров «тройки» продолжить дальнейшую интеграцию. Детальное изучение программных выступлений (публикаций) политических лидеров стран «интеграционного ядра» ЕАЭС позволяет определить особую роль Казахстана и его Президента Н. Назарбаева в реализации этого масштабного геополитического проекта.При рассмотрении программных внешнеполитических документов Казахстана, Беларуси и России предлагается сфокусировать внимание на особенностях позиционирования ЕАЭС как интеграционного образования. В итоге, установлено, что членство Беларуси в «Евразийском проекте» стало результатом тяжелого компромисса для белорусского народа. На российском примере показано, что внешнеполитический вектор Москвы вначале воспринимал ЕАЭС как глобальный проект соединяющий Европу с Азиатско-Тихоокеанским регионом. Однако сейчас, Россия позиционирует ЕАЭС как региональную площадку. Автор расценивает это как снижение статуса евразийской интеграции и полагает, что этот тезис выглядит весьма спорно. Казахстан, в свою очередь, видит в «Евразийском проекте» возможность включиться с мировые экономические цепочки. Таким образом, Астана придает ЕАЭС исключительно глобальное значение.Особо подчеркивается позиция казахстанского лидера в ходе встреч с западными лидерами. Лидер Казахстана традиционно позиционирует ЕАЭС как адекватное и экономическое успешное интеграционное образование с которым необходимо налаживать сотрудничество во всех сферах. Это позволяет присвоить ему статус «адвоката» «Евразийского проекта». При этом, в статье отмечается опора евразийских взглядов Н. Назарбаева на идеи классических евразийцев П. Савицкого, Г. Флоровского, Н. Трубецкого, Г. Вернадского, С. Cоловьева, Л. Гумилева.Делается вывод о том, что в условиях сохраняющегося антироссийского санкционного режима участие Казахстана в ЕАЭС является одним из главных факторов легитимации интеграционного образования на региональном и глобальном уровнях.

Challenges to the sustainable use of water resources in the Ili River basin of Central Asia

Water is a scarce resource in Central Asia, and many catchments span international boundaries, among them that of the Ili River, which is shared by China and Kazakhstan. Since 1970, the natural hydrological regime of the Ili River, both absolute flow rates and cycles, has changed due to construction of reservoirs such as that at Kapchagai, as well as natural climatic cycles and the growth of water consumption in the basin. Using data from Kazhydromet, we calculated that flow rates below Kapchagai dam averaged 468 m3/sec before construction of the dam, 366 m3/sec while the reservoir was being filled, and 489 m3/sec between 1988 and 2013. The dam has profoundly altered the annual cycle of flows in the river, with reductions in the summer and increases in the winter, when water is released to produce hydropower. The effects of these changes are being heightened by China’s increasing diversion of the river’s water. The sustainable use of decreasing water resources to conserve the biodiversity of the Ili-Balkhash basin’s ecosystems mandates a solution to the water allocation challenge between China and Kazakhstan. This will require a basin-wide approach that includes modernization of water distribution systems and careful consideration to relative priority needs for food, hydropower, and communal uses in both countries

Fuzzy logic modelling of snow leopard populations in response to threats from climate change

The snow leopard population in Kazakhstan represents a small but important component of the species range, making up around 2.7% of the global range, of which 18,673 km2 lies within protected areas. The most recent population estimate, by Jackson et al. (2008), suggests that there are around 180-200 individuals. Prior to this study there were no reliable estimates of snow leopard numbers in Almaty State Nature Reserve, one of the only two stable populations of snow leopards in Kazakhstan. In total 40 camera traps were deployed for a total of 5152 traps nights and yielded 50 independent capture events of snow leopards (with between 1 and 10 images per event), 275 capture events of primary prey and 68 capture events of secondary prey. The study capture rate of 0.97 independent capture events per 100 trap nights is at the higher end of the range experienced by other studies (see McCarthy et al., 2008) and mark-recapture modelling estimated 11-18 individual snow leopards in the study area which suggests density between 4.4 and 7.2 individuals per 100km2. Our population estimate for the whole reserve is 39.6 individuals, with a standard error of 5.44536 individuals and a 95% confidence interval of 39 to 64. Analysis of movement patterns suggests that individuals frequently crossed valley bottoms and used densely forested habitat in winter, which may indicated prey switching from ibex to forest ungulates. The University of Cumbria has developed a fuzzy logic model which aggregates a wide range of socio-economic and ecological data and provides a tool that can be used to inform the sustainable natural resource and landscape management decision-making process. Our model predicts the consistent negative impact of climate change (warming) at elevations below the tree line; this is particularly significant as the potential positive impacts for snow leopards at high elevation are slower to kick in thereby increasing the habitat squeeze associated with climate change in mountain habitats

Hysteresis Effects During the Phase Transition in Solutions of Temperature Sensitive Polymers

It is demonstrated, for the first time,that well-known phase transitions induced by changes in temperature in solutions of polymers containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups could be followed by noticeable hysteresis effects. A well-known phase transitions accompanied by a sharp change in fluid properties, in particular its optical density can be induced by many external influences, including temperature changes occurring in the solutions of polymers containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups. Since intensification subsequent hydrophobic interactions, leading to loss of solubility of the polymer molecules, resulting, in particular, a significant increase in the turbidity of the medium and are accompanied by a pronounced hysteresis phenomena. Hysteresis phenomena in the processes of molecular-scale play an important theoretical and practical interest in linkage with the development of advanced nano-level technology. In particular, the issue of the development of molecular "trigger" switches, and other analog electronic systems, implemented on submolecular level was actively discussed. In fact, under the same physical conditions of the environment of macromolecules system can be in two different states, which resolves the issue of programming such molecules. State of these polymers depends on their way of formation and thermodynamic variables. Observed effect could be utilized directly for information recording into the structure on the basis of stimulus-sensitive macromolecular chains. In fact, it is a first step towards creating memory of quasi-biological elements

Morphological, Physiological and Genetic Characteristics of Populations of the Main Plague Host Rhombomys opimus Licht., 1823 in the Central Asian Desert Natural Focus of Plague

Revealed by morphological characters, physiological status, and genetic diversity of populations of the main plague host Rhombomys opimus Licht., 1823 in Central Asia desert natural focus is described.Differences in the skull parameters of R. opimus from different populations were revealed. It’s shown that gerbils from Moyunkum are separate autonomous populations group. Samples from Moyunkum and Mangyshlak differed from other samples. In Balkhash-Alakol depression found two regional complexes: Pre-Balkhash and Dzungarian.Study results of free amino acids level in R. opimus blood serum obtained by gas-liquid chromatography of blood sera from animals captured in different zones of Central Asian focus gave statistically significant differences. To determine genetic variability in ecological and geographical isolation of R. opimus populations the DNA was genotyped.DNA samples analysis combined the studied gerbil from the desert focus into four clusters with eighteen haplotypes. R. opimus sequence analysis taking into account data from territories of Iran, Kazakhstan and China, clustered into three large clusters. First cluster combined the sequences of Kazakhstan and China samples, while great gerbil captured in Kazakhstan is located in a separate treasure. Second and third clusters include sequences of a great gerbil captured in Iran