Evaluation of strontium aluminate phosphorescent effect on blood as potential light source for phototherapy

Phototherapy has shown its effect on cell stimulation and inhibition based on Arndt-Schulz model. Even though this therapeutic method has apparent effect, but it has limitations for epithelial application due to limitations on light penetration. Hence, with the ideology of fully overcoming this limitation, phosphorescent powder (strontium aluminate) is proposed as the potential light source that emitting photon from inside the body for phototherapy purposes. The strontium aluminate powder used in the experiment has the highest peak absorption at wavelength around 650 nm and lowest at around 350 nm. According to FESEM images, the powder has the particle size varies from 10 to 50 μm at cubic phase. The assessment is done by studying the effect on erythrocyte after blood plasma is irradiated by strontium aluminate powder’s photon. The powder luminesces with a maximum at 491.5 nm when pumped with 473 nm laser at 100 mW in fixed amount of 0.005±0.001 g. Later, it is mixed with  centrifuged blood plasma for a predetermined time period (5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes). From this study, it shows that 5 minutes irradiation is the optimum  period for erythrocyte in term of morphology enhancement and increase of UV-visible absorption spectrum with at least 21% in comparing  with control blood. While the significant increment located at wavelengths 340 nm and 414 nm with both increased by 54% and 41%, respectively. However, for 10 minutes and beyond, the irradiation leads to morphology deterioration while the UV-visible spectrum decrement starts at 15 minutes and beyond. In conjunction, a comparison between blood plasma that either interacted with powder emitting photon or powder with no emission shows that photon emission plays a role in the phototherapy effect.Несмотря на доказанную эффективность фототерапии, у этого метода есть ограничения для эпителиального применения из-за незначительного проникновения света. Авторами предложен фосфоресцирующий порошок (алюминат стронция) в качестве потенциального источника света, излучающего фотоны изнутри тела для целей фототерапии. Порошок алюмината стронция, использованный в эксперименте, имеет самое высокое пиковое поглощение при длине волны около 650 нм и самое низкое при длине волны около 350 нм. Согласно изображениям автоэлектронной сканирующей микроскопии, порошок имеет размер частиц от 10 до 50 мкм в кубической фазе. Оценка эффективности фототерапии с предложенным соединением проведена путем изучения воздействия на эритроциты облученной порошком плазмы крови. Фосфоресценция порошка с фиксированный массой 0,005 ± 0,001 г имеет максимум на длине волны 491,5 нм при накачке лазером с длиной волны 473 нм с мощностью 100 мВт. Затем его смешивают с центрифугированной плазмой крови в течение определенного периода времени (5, 10, 15 и 20 мин). Полученные результаты демонстрируют, что 5-минутное облучение является оптимальным периодом для эритроцитов с точки зрения улучшения морфологии и увеличения спектра поглощения УФ-видимой области по крайней мере на 21% по сравнению с контрольной кровью. При этом значительный прирост приходится на длины волн 340 нм и 414 нм, которые увеличиваются на 54% и 41% соответственно. Однако, для 10 мин и более облучение вызывает ухудшение морфологии, в то время как УФ-видимый спектр уменьшается начиная с 15 мин и позже. В связи с этим изучается сравнение плазмы крови, которая взаимодействовала с фосфоресцирующим порошком, с нефосфоресцирующим порошком, чтобы показать, что излучение играет роль в создании эффекта фототерапии

In vitro toxicity of low-level green laser irradiation effects on human breast cancer cell lines

Laser irradiation therapy on cancer cells is a promising alternative in providing a non-invasive treatment of breast cancer that has a possibility to inhibit cancerous cells selectively without damaging surrounding healthy tissues. This present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the low-level green laser of 532 nm wavelength with various laser power and irradiation time on MCF-7 cancer cell lines. In this work, the MCF-7 cells were seeded to a rate of fifty thousand cells/well in 96-well plate and incubated for 24 h. The cells were then irradiated with the green laser at different power from 0.002 to 0.1 W at 60 s, 540 s, and 900 s duration. The cell viability of the cells was measured by using Alamar Blue assay. From result, the laser irradiation on the cells was able to produce 25-40% inhibition of cell proliferation whereby the untreated cells exhibited a 93% cell viability. It was revealed that high power with longer exposure time increased cell bio-inhibition. Thus, this work using low-power green laser irradiation on cells demonstrated a significant effect on cells and was also demonstrated a promising non-invasive approach that can be used alone or in combination with several other therapies in cancer treatment

In vitro toxicity of low-level green laser irradiation effects on human breast cancer cell lines

627-633Laser irradiation therapy on cancer cells is a promising alternative in providing a non-invasive treatment of breast cancer that has a possibility to inhibit cancerous cells selectively without damaging surrounding healthy tissues. This present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the low-level green laser of 532 nm wavelength with various laser power and irradiation time on MCF-7 cancer cell lines. In this work, the MCF-7 cells were seeded to a rate of fifty thousand cells/well in 96-well plate and incubated for 24 h. The cells were then irradiated with the green laser at different power from 0.002 to 0.1 W at 60 s, 540 s, and 900 s duration. The cell viability of the cells was measured by using Alamar Blue assay. From result, the laser irradiation on the cells was able to produce 25-40% inhibition of cell proliferation whereby the untreated cells exhibited a 93% cell viability. It was revealed that high power with longer exposure time increased cell bio-inhibition. Thus, this work using low-power green laser irradiation on cells demonstrated a significant effect on cells and was also demonstrated a promising non-invasive approach that can be used alone or in combination with several other therapies in cancer treatment

Characterization and Construction of a Robust and Elastic Wall-Less Flow Phantom for High Pressure Flow Rate Using Doppler Ultrasound Applications

A Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive test that can be used to estimate the blood flow through the vessels. Presently, few flow phantoms are being used to be qualified for long-term utilize and storage with high physiological flow rate Doppler ultrasound. The main drawback of the two hydrogel materials items (Konjac (K) and carrageenan (C) (KC)) that it is not fit for long-term storage and easy to deteriorate. Thus, this research study focuses on the characterization and construction of a robust and elastic wall-less flow phantom with suitable acoustical properties of TMM. The mechanisms for the fabrication of a wall-less flow phantom utilizing a physically strong material such as K, C, and gelatin (bovine skin)-based TMM were explained. In addition, the clinical ultrasound (Hitachi Avius (HI)) system was used as the main instrument for data acquisition. Vessel mimicking material (VMM) with dimensions of 15.0 mm depth equal to those of human common carotid arteries (CCA) were obtained with pulsatile flow. The acoustical properties (speed of sound and attenuation were 1533±2 m/s and 0.2 dB/cm. MHz, respectively) of a new TMM were agreed with the IEC 61685 standards. Furthermore, the velocity percentages error were decreased with increase in the Doppler angle (the lowest % error (3%) it was at 53◦). The gelatin from bovine skin was a proper material to be added to KC to enhance the strength of TMM during for long-term utilize and storage of high-flow of blood mimicking Fluid (BMF). This wall-less flow phantom will be a suitable instrument for examining in-vitro research studies

Evaluation of strontium aluminate phosphorescent effect on blood as potential light source for phototherapy

Phototherapy has shown its effect on cell stimulation and inhibition based on Arndt-Schulz model. Even though this therapeutic method has apparent effect, but it has limitations for epithelial application due to limitations on light penetration. Hence, with the ideology of fully overcoming this limitation, phosphorescent powder (strontium aluminate) is proposed as the potential light source that emitting photon from inside the body for phototherapy purposes. The strontium aluminate powder used in the experiment has the highest peak absorption at wavelength around 650 nm and lowest at around 350 nm. According to FESEM images, the powder has the particle size varies from 10 to 50 μm at cubic phase. The assessment is done by studying the effect on erythrocyte after blood plasma is irradiated by strontium aluminate powder’s photon. The powder luminesces with a maximum at 491.5 nm when pumped with 473 nm laser at 100 mW in fixed amount of 0.005±0.001 g. Later, it is mixed with  centrifuged blood plasma for a predetermined time period (5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes). From this study, it shows that 5 minutes irradiation is the optimum  period for erythrocyte in term of morphology enhancement and increase of UV-visible absorption spectrum with at least 21% in comparing  with control blood. While the significant increment located at wavelengths 340 nm and 414 nm with both increased by 54% and 41%, respectively. However, for 10 minutes and beyond, the irradiation leads to morphology deterioration while the UV-visible spectrum decrement starts at 15 minutes and beyond. In conjunction, a comparison between blood plasma that either interacted with powder emitting photon or powder with no emission shows that photon emission plays a role in the phototherapy effect

Biostimulation Effects and Temperature Variation in Stimulated Dielectric Substance (Diabetic Blood Comparable to Non-Diabetic Blood) Based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in Laser Therapy

Human blood exposed to irradiation absorbs electromagnetic energy which consequently effect temperature variation. The evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of human blood helps to ascertain the values for optimum laser power, time, and temperature variation for fair therapy to avoid blood-irradiation pollution but to enhance its rheological properties when using lasers. Prior knowledge of blood SAR evaluating its dielectric properties is significant, but this is under investigation. We investigate the appropriate SAR threshold value as affected by temperature variation using fundamental blood dielectric parameters to optimize the effect of low-level laser therapy based on physiological and morphological changes of the stimulated diabetic blood. Studies were carried out with Agilent 4294A impedance analyser at frequencies (40Hz – 30 MHz) and designed cells (cuvettes) comprises of electrodes were used in the pre- and post-irradiations measurements. At different laser power outputs, blood samples were subjected to various irradiation durations using portable laser diode-pumped solid state of wavelength 532 nm. Results showed laser at low energy is capable of moderating morphologically the proportion of abnormal diabetic red blood cells. Hence, there is a significant effect using a laser at low energy, as non-medicinal therapy in controlling diabetic health conditions. The positive biostimulation effects on the irradiated diabetic blood occurred within absorbance threshold SAR values range of 0.140?0.695 W/kg and average temperatures range of 24.2?28.0 0C before blood saturation absorbance peak. There is morphological stimulation at a laser power of 50 mW for an exposure time of 10–15 minutes and 60 mW for 5–10 minutes of laser therapy that demonstrates better blood rejuvenated conditions. This occurred within the threshold SAR of 0.140?0.695 W/kg and average temperatures range of 24.2?28.0 0C. Therefore, the diabetic blood irradiated using laser output powers of 70 and 80 mW during exposure durations of 5,10, 15 and 20 minutes rather bio-inhibits positive blood stimulation which has resulted to crenation due to excessive irradiation

A review of medical doppler ultrasonography of blood flow in general and especially in common carotid artery

Medical Doppler ultrasound is usually utilized in the clinical adjusting to evaluate and estimate blood flow in both the major (large) and the minor (tiny) vessels of the body. The normal and abnormal sign waveforms can be shown by spectral Doppler technique. The sign waveform is individual to each vessel. Thus, it is significant for the operator and the clinicians to understand the normal and abnormal diagnostic in a spectral Doppler show. The aim of this review is to explain the physical principles behind the medical Doppler ultrasound, also, to use some of the mathematical formulas utilized in the medical Doppler ultrasound examination. Furthermore, we discussed the color and spectral flow model of Doppler ultrasound. Finally, we explained spectral Doppler sign waveforms to show both the normal and abnormal signs waveforms that are individual to the common carotid artery, because these signs are important for both the radiologist and sonographer to perceive both the normal and abnormal in a spectral Doppler show

Comparison of Wavelength-Dependent Penetration Depth of 532 nm and 660 nm Lasers in Different Tissue Types: Comparison of wavelength-dependent penetration depth

Introduction: The depth of laser light penetration into tissue is a critical factor in determining the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the optimal laser light penetration depth necessary for achieving maximum therapeutic outcomes in PDT remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of laser light penetration depth at two specific wavelengths, 532 nm and 660 mm.Methods: Chicken and beef of different thicknesses (1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 mm±0.2 mm) were used as in vitro tissue models. The samples were subjected to irradiation by a low-level laser diode of 532 and 660 nm in continuous mode for 10 minutes. with power densities of 167 and 142 J/cm2, respectively. Laser light transmission through the tissue was measured using a power meter.Results: For beef samples, the 660 nm wavelength achieved a maximum transmission intensity of 30.7% at 1 cm thickness, while the 532 nm laser had a transmission intensity of 6.5%. Similarly, in chicken breast samples, the maximum transmission occurred at 1 cm thickness with 68.1% for the 660 nm wavelength and 18.2% for the 532 nm laser.Conclusion: Results consistently demonstrated a significant correlation (P<0.05) between tissue thickness and laser light penetration. Thicker tissues exhibited faster declines in light transmission intensity compared to thinner tissues within 10 minutes. These findings highlight the importance of further research to enhance light delivery in thicker tissues and improve the efficacy of PDT in various medical conditions