Perbedaan Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar IPS melalui Pembelajaran Kooperatif dan Ekspositori

The objectives of this research are to analyze: 1) interaction between learning and motivation on student achievement, 2) difference between the social studies increased learning achievement of students receiving STAD cooperative learning and expository, 3) increase learning achievement differences social studies students who learn through cooperative learning STAD and expository highly motivated students, 4) difference social studies increased learning achievement of students who learn through STAD cooperative learning and expository in low-motivated students. This research is a quasi - experimental design and using a factorial experimental Counterbalanced Design. The population in this study were students of class V Elementary School. Study sample were 30 students. Data was collected by the instrument tests and questionnaires. Analysis of the data using two-way analysis of variance and t-test. The research results are as follows: 1) there is interaction between learning and motivation on student achievement with a significance value of 0.042, 2) the average increase in achievement between students who received social studies cooperative learning STAD higher than students who obtained grade expository learning significant 0.002, 3) increase learning achievement social studies students who learn through cooperative learning STAD higher than expository highly motivated students with significant value of 0.046, 4) increasing student achievement social studies learn through cooperative learning STAD higher than expository on students low motivated by the significant value of 0.001

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially