Esquemas de Recarga de Combustible de Alto Quemado y Limitaciones Asociadas

Esquemas de Recarga de Combustible de Alto Quemado y Limitaciones Asociada

Validation of the geographic position of EPER-Spain industries

BACKGROUND: The European Pollutant Emission Register in Spain (EPER-Spain) is a public inventory of pollutant industries created by decision of the European Union. The location of these industries is geocoded and the first published data correspond to 2001. Publication of these data will allow for quantification of the effect of proximity to one or more such plant on cancer and all-cause mortality observed in nearby towns. However, as errors have been detected in the geocoding of many of the pollutant foci shown in the EPER, it was decided that a validation study should be conducted into the accuracy of these co-ordinates. EPER-Spain geographic co-ordinates were drawn from the European Environment Agency (EEA) server and the Spanish Ministry of the Environment (MOE). The Farm Plot Geographic Information System (Sistema de Información Geográfica de Parcelas Agrícolas) (SIGPAC) enables orthophotos (digitalized aerial images) of any territorial point across Spain to be obtained. Through a search of co-ordinates in the SIGPAC, all the industrial foci (except farms) were located. The quality criteria used to ascertain possible errors in industrial location were high, medium and low quality, where industries were situated at a distance of less than 500 metres, more than 500 metres but less than 1 kilometre, and more than 1 kilometre from their real locations, respectively. RESULTS: Insofar as initial registry quality was concerned, 84% of industrial complexes were inaccurately positioned (low quality) according to EEA data versus 60% for Spanish MOE data. The distribution of the distances between the original and corrected co-ordinates for each of the industries on the registry revealed that the median error was 2.55 kilometres for Spain overall (according to EEA data). The Autonomous Regions that displayed most errors in industrial geocoding were Murcia, Canary Islands, Andalusia and Madrid. Correct co-ordinates were successfully allocated to 100% of EPER-Spain industries. CONCLUSION: Knowing the exact location of pollutant foci is vital to obtain reliable and valid conclusions in any study where distance to the focus is a decisive factor, as in the case of the consequences of industrial pollution on the health of neighbouring populations.This study was funded by grant FIS 040041 from the Health Research Fund (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria)S

La situación del cáncer en España, 1975-2006

El objetivo del nuevo informe “La situación del cáncer en España. 1975-2006” es describir la situación actual del cáncer en nuestro país actualizando los datos de mortalidad e incidencia hasta el año 2006. Hasta el momento, se han estudiado los patrones de mortalidad e incidencia en el conjunto de España y en las diferentes comunidades autónomas, así como las tendencias desde el año 1975 hasta hoy, que se presentan a continuación. Se han actualizado, asimismo, los datos de supervivencia y prevalencia de los diferentes tumores, y hemos dedicado un capítulo a los tumores infantiles. Esperamos que esta información sirva de soporte a la definición de prioridades en las políticas de salud, teniendo en cuanta que el objetivo final de este estudio es contribuir a disminuir la carga de cáncer en nuestra población, así como reducir las desigualdades existentes entre las diferentes áreas geográficas españolas

Serum PCB levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: the BIOAMBIENT.ES project

This manuscript presents the levels of six indicator polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) in the serum of 1880 individuals from a representative sample of the Spanish working population recruited between March 2009 and July 2010. Three out of the six PCBs studied (180, 153 and 138) were quantified in more than 99% of participants. PCB 180 was the highest contributor, followed by PCBs 153 and 138, with relative abundances of 42.6%, 33.2% and 24.2%, respectively. In contrast, PCBs 28 and 52 were detected in only 1% of samples, whereas PCB 101 was detectable in 6% of samples. The geometric mean (GM) for ΣPCBs138/153/180 was 135.4 ng/g lipid (95% CI: 121.3-151.2 ng/g lipid) and the 95th percentile was 482.2 ng/g lipid. Men had higher PCB blood concentrations than women (GMs 138.9 and 129.9 ng/g lipid respectively). As expected, serum PCB levels increased with age and frequency of fish consumption, particularly in those participants younger than 30 years of age. The highest levels we found were for participants from the Basque Country, whereas the lowest concentrations were found for those from the Canary Islands. The Spanish population studied herein had similar levels to those found previously in Greece and southern Italy, lower levels than those in France and central Europe, and higher PCB levels than those in the USA, Canada and New Zealand. This paper provides the first baseline information regarding PCB exposure in the Spanish adult population on a national scale. The results will allow us to establish reference levels, follow temporal trends and identify high-exposure groups, as well as monitor implementation of the Stockholm Convention in Spain.This work was funded as part of a research agreement between the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment n° EG042007 and the Institute of Health Carlos III (project nos. SEG 1251/07 and 1210/10). The authors would like to thank S. González for the technical assistance, F. Cutanda for the helpful advice, and Silvia Gómez; the volunteers of BIOAMBIENT.ES and healthcare staff from the Societies for Prevention of IBERMUTUAMUR, MUTUALIA, MCPREVENCIÓN, MUGATRA, UNIMAT PREVENCIÓN, and PREVIMAC

Prevalence of healthy lifestyles against cancer in Spanish women

Modifying behavior towards healthier lifestyles could prevent a significant number of malignant tumors. We evaluated the prevalence of healthy habits against cancer in Spanish women free of this disease, taking as a reference the recommendations for cancer prevention included in the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC), and we explored the characteristics associated with it. Our population comprised 3,584 women recruited in a population-based cross-sectional study carried out in 7 breast cancer screening programs. Information was directly surveyed and used to calculate a score based on ECAC recommendations referred to bodyweight, physical activity, diet, breastfeeding, tobacco, alcohol and hormone replacement therapy use. The degree of adherence was estimated with a score that evaluated null (0 points), partial (0.5 points) and full adherence (1 point) of each specific recommendation. Associations were explored using binary and ordinal logistic regression models. The median score was 5.7 out of 9 points. Recommendations with lower adherence were those related to intake of red/processed meat and foods high in salt (23% of total adherence), physical activity (24%) and body weight (29%), and recommendations with greater adherence where those related to hormone replacement therapy use (91%), vegetable intake (84%), alcohol (83%) and tobacco (61%). Overall adherence was better among older women, parous women, and in those living in rural areas, and worse among women with higher caloric intake. These recommendations should be evaluated periodically. Screening programs can be an appropriate place to disseminate this information.This study was supported by the Spanish Public Health Research Fund (FIS PI060386 & PS09/0790); by the Spanish Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality (EC11-273), by the Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII) (AESI PI15CIII/00013); by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Juan de la Cierva de Incorporación grant (IJCI-2014-20900); by the EPY 1306/06 Collaboration Agreement between Astra-Zeneca and the Carlos III Institute of Health; and a grant from the Spanish Federation of Breast Cancer patients (FECMA EPY 1169/10). The authors wish to thank the participants in the DDM-Spain study for their contribution to breast cancer research.S

Association Between Western and Mediterranean Dietary Patterns and Mammographic Density

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between two dietary patterns (Western and Mediterranean), previously linked to breast cancer risk, and mammographic density. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 3,584 women attending population-based breast cancer screening programs and recruited between October 7, 2007, and July 14, 2008 (participation rate 74.5%). Collected data included anthropometric measurements; demographic, obstetric, and gynecologic characteristics; family and personal health history; and diet in the preceding year. Mammographic density was blindly assessed by a single radiologist and classified into four categories: less than 10%, 10-25%, 25-50%, and greater than 50%. The association between adherence to either a Western or a Mediterranean dietary pattern and mammographic density was explored using multivariable ordinal logistic regression models with random center-specific intercepts. Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, parity, menopause, smoking, family history, hormonal treatment, and calorie and alcohol intake. Differences according to women's characteristics were tested including interaction terms. RESULTS: Women with a higher adherence to the Western dietary pattern were more likely to have high mammographic density (n=242 [27%]) than women with low adherence (n=169 [19%]) with a fully adjusted odds ratio (ORQ4vsQ1) of 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.52). This association was confined to overweight-obese women (adjusted ORQ4vsQ1 [95% CI] 1.41 [1.13-1.76]). No association between Mediterranean dietary pattern and mammographic density was observed. CONCLUSION: The Western dietary pattern was associated with increased mammographic density among overweight-obese women. Our results might inform specific dietary recommendations for women with high mammographic density.S

Reproducibility of data-driven dietary patterns in two groups of adult Spanish women from different studies

The objective of the present study was to assess the reproducibility of data-driven dietary patterns in different samples extracted from similar populations. Dietary patterns were extracted by applying principal component analyses to the dietary information collected from a sample of 3550 women recruited from seven screening centres belonging to the Spanish breast cancer (BC) screening network (Determinants of Mammographic Density in Spain (DDM-Spain) study). The resulting patterns were compared with three dietary patterns obtained from a previous Spanish case-control study on female BC (Epidemiological study of the Spanish group for breast cancer research (GEICAM: grupo Español de investigación en cáncer de mama)) using the dietary intake data of 973 healthy participants. The level of agreement between patterns was determined using both the congruence coefficient (CC) between the pattern loadings (considering patterns with a CC≥0·85 as fairly similar) and the linear correlation between patterns scores (considering as fairly similar those patterns with a statistically significant correlation). The conclusions reached with both methods were compared. This is the first study exploring the reproducibility of data-driven patterns from two studies and the first using the CC to determine pattern similarity. We were able to reproduce the EpiGEICAM Western pattern in the DDM-Spain sample (CC=0·90). However, the reproducibility of the Prudent (CC=0·76) and Mediterranean (CC=0·77) patterns was not as good. The linear correlation between pattern scores was statistically significant in all cases, highlighting its arbitrariness for determining pattern similarity. We conclude that the reproducibility of widely prevalent dietary patterns is better than the reproducibility of more population-specific patterns. More methodological studies are needed to establish an objective measurement and threshold to determine pattern similarity.This study was supported by Carlos III Institute of Health FIS(Spanish Public Health Research Fund: PI060386 FIS; PS09/00790 and PI15CIII/0029 research grants), the Spanish Ministryof Health (EC11-273), the Spanish Ministry of Economyand Competitiveness (IJCI-2014-20900), the Spanish Federationof Breast Cancer Patients (FECMA: EPY 1169-10) and theAssociation of Women with Breast Cancer from Elche (AMAC-MEC: EPY 1394/15). None of the funders had any role in thedesign, analysis or writing of this article.V.L.,N.A.,B.P.-G.andM.P.designedthestudy;A.C.,J.V.,C.S.,C.P.-P.,S.A.,M.E.,D.S.-T.,C.V.andC.S.-C.collectedthedataand/or prepared the database. A. C. performed statistical analysisand wrote the initial version of the manuscript that M. P. revised andcorrected in its different versions. All the authors have read andapproved thefinal version of the manuscript.The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.S