Strategi Penurunan Non Revenue Water (NRW) melalui Analisis Neraca Air dan Indikator Kinerja NRW pada Jaringan Distribusi SPAM Cabang Karawang

Perumdam Tirta Tarum as a BUMD with healthy performance and has FCR (Full Cost Recovery), but the NRW (Non Revenue Water) score is still quite high at 32.16%. The Karawang branch is the largest contributor to the volume of water loss, around 33% of the total water loss in 19 Branches/IKK units in other service areas. This study uses water balance analysis methods and NRW performance indicators to formulate recommendations for NRW reduction programs. Annual water loss during the period April 2022 to March 2023 was 23.96% with a loss volume of 2,343,756m3/12 months. The percentage of physical water loss is 18.49% and non-physical water loss is 5.47%. When converted to cost values, the annual loss of non-physical water is Rp.2,610,791,315.- and the annual loss of physical water is Rp.8,640,197,936.-. Physical loss is classified as category C performance (severe leakage) and the overall ATR performance indicator is classified as category C (poor ATR condition). Recommendations or strategies for handling NRW efficiently at study locations can be formulated after understanding the causes of NRW and the most influencing component factors

A Brief Review on Electro-generated Hydroxyl Radical for Organic Wastewater Mineralization

Hydroxyl radical is a highly reactive oxidizing agent that can be electrochemically generated on the surface of Boron doped diamond (BDD) anode. Once generated, this radical will non-selectively mineralize organic pollutants to carbon dioxide, water and organic anions as the oxidation products. Its application in Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) to degrade nonbiodegradable even the recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater has been increasingly studied and even applied

Characterization of Spent Bleaching Earth as an Adsorbent Material for Dye Removal

Initial research has been carried out to determine the potential of SBE as an adsorbent material through chemical and surface area characterization. Several analyses were performed, including oil content, BET, SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, and adsorption capacity. The oil content of the SBE samples were 0.05–0.09%, well below the standard (3%) of hazardous material classification according to the Indonesian government regulation. The chemical composition of SBE, measured by EDS, was dominated by Si and Al elements. XRD analysis revealed two 2-theta diffraction peaks indicated the presence of crystalline SiO2 and Al2O3 phases. Additionally, the results of the FTIR test also showed the dominance of Si-O and Al-O-H functional groups. The SBE morphology, as observed in SEM image, exhibited irregular shape and porous surface covered by impurities. These results supported by the BET data which showed SBE surface area of 10.86 m2g-1 and a mesopore volume of 2.49 cm3 (STP)g-1. Batch adsorption study conducted using low and high range concentration of methylene blue produced a maximum adsorption capacity of 7.993 mg/g and 40.485 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption isotherm analysis showed that the adsorption mechanism was in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model. Considering its chemical characteristic, SBE has met the criteria for adsorbent material. Nevertheless, the small surface area requires SBE to be activated prior to use

Phosphate Potential from Septic Tank in Surabaya City, Indonesia

Abstract Phosphate scarcity will occur if humans do not currently manage the phosphates available in nature with good management. Phosphorus rocks are a natural source of phosphates, whose availability in nature is dwindling due to the large demand for phosphates in the world, especially in agriculture. It is necessary to launch a renewal that involves the recovery of phosphates from fecal sludge. Fecal sludge contains a lot of nutrients that have accumulated from the food we eat. Due to the lack of sewage system distribution in Indonesia, phosphate recovery uses septic tank sludge that has been transported to the Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant. This is one of the potential resources. The purpose of this study was to see the potential (presence) of phosphates in domestic wastewater in Surabaya City, Indonesia. This research was carried out by accidental sampling and the measurement of total phosphate using a spectrophotometer, according to the APHA Method 45001-P standard. The initial characteristics of the sample consisted of liquid phases and solids that were brownish-black and smelly. The phosphate levels in fecal sludge are between 110.42 mg/L and 4572.64 mg/L, with an average value of 1016.77 mg/L.   Abstrak Kelangkaan fosfat terjadi jika manusia saat ini tidak mengelola fosfat yang tersedia di alam dengan baik. Batuan fosfor adalah sumber fosfat alami, yang ketersediaannya di alam berkurang akibat besarnya permintaan fosfat di dunia, terutama di bidang pertanian. Sehingga diperlukan suatu inovasi baru yang melibatkan recovery fosfat dari lumpur tinja. Lumpur tinja mengandung banyak nutrisi yang terakumulasi dari makanan yang dikonsumsinya. Selain itu, dengan rendahnya sistem pengelolaan air limbah di Indonesia, recovery fosfat dapt dilakukan menggunakan lumpur tinja dari tangki septik yang telah diangkut ke Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT). Hal ini merupakan salah satu sumber daya yang potensial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur potensi (keberadaan) fosfat dalam air limbah domestik di Kota Surabaya, Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel secara accidental sampling dan pengukuran total fosfat menggunakan spektrofotometer, sesuai standar APHA Metode 45001-P. Karakteristik awal sampel terdiri dari fase cair dan padatan yang berwarna hitam kecoklatan dan berbau. Konsentrasi fosfat dalam lumpur tinja berkisar antara 110,42 mg/L dan 4572,64 mg/L, dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 1016,77 mg/L

The Performance of Electrocoagulation Process in Removing Organic and Nitrogenous Compounds from Landfill Leachate in a Three-Compartment Reactor

In this study, the effectiveness of the electrocoagulation (EC) process was evaluated based on the reduction of organic and nitrogenous contaminants in landfill leachate. A three-compartment electrochemical reactor as pre-treatment of stabilized landfill leachate was carried out ahead of biological treatment. The removal efficiencies of COD, BOD, ammonia, and nitrate were analyzed at pH 4, 6, and 8 with the current densities of $20.83$ and $29.17 mA•cm^{–2}$. At pH 4, the highest removal of COD and $NH_4^+$ was obtained, i.e., in the range of 72–81% and 43–59%, respectively. The ratio of $BOD_5$/$COD$ was increased after EC, from initially 0.11 to 0.32 at pH 4. In addition, EC effectively removed humic substances in the leachate by targeting a large amount of high molecular weight humic substances, with around $10^3$ kDa. However, the higher removal efficiency observed at higher current density leads to higher specific energy consumption. At a current density of $29.17 mA•cm^{–2}$, the specific energy consumption obtained in EC was around $10–17 Wh•g^{–1}$ COD and $99–148 Wh•g^{–1}$ $NH_4^+$. This could be decreased up to 50% at an applied current density of $20.83 mA•cm^{–2}$ with slightly lower efficiencies

The role of aeration and pre-chlorination prior to coagulation-flocculation process in water treatment: A laboratory and field research in Indonesia

Surface water pollution affects the water treatment system. To meet the water quality standard, water treatment plants (WTP) often require more chemical and energy consumption to treat the low quality of raw water. Several water treatment plants in Indonesia have utilized aeration and pre-chlorination before coagulation-flocculation processes to reduce chemical and energy consumption and decrease water treatment costs. This study was conducted to get more understanding on the role of aeration and pre-chlorination in water treatment. The objective is to improve the performance of coagulation-flocculation processes and increase their efficiency in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and ammonium removal. A comparison between laboratory and field research was carried out in this study. Overall, aeration and pre-chlorination processes have been proven effective in increasing pollutant removal. Higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorine injections significantly enhance the chemical oxidation of organic matter and the removal of volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, the effect of water turbulence during aeration induced better mixing of coagulants favorable for solid-liquid separation. After applying aeration and pre-chlorination processes, a ∼60% reduction in coagulant dosage was confirmed in laboratory and field research. In addition, more than 24% of ammonium was removed in the water treatment plant (WTP) that applied both in aeration and pre-chlorination processes

Simultaneous removal of organic and nitrogenous compounds in mature landfill leachate by a hybrid electro-oxidation-dialysis (EOD) system

Electrochemical process has been widely applied to eliminate recalcitrant contaminants (i.e., organic and nitrogenous compounds) in landfill leachate. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a hybrid electro-oxidation-dialysis (EOD) system to minimize organic and nitrogenous compounds through a synergistic process of electrochemical oxidation (EO) and electrodialysis (ED) as well as the dissolved organic matter was characterized in terms of fluorescent component and molecular weight distribution. The EOD was carried out using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and Pt alternately. The results have shown that pH adjustment to acidic conditions is beneficial to EO. At optimal pH (pH 4), BDD-based EO is superior to remove COD and NH4+ up to around 56% and 64%, respectively. During EOD process, the lower current density at 20.83 mA cm–2 is preferred for the recovery of nitrogenous ions (i.e., NH4+ and NO3-), especially for BDD-EOD. In addition, the dominant humic acid-like (HAL) and soluble microbial products-like (SMPL) substances in the mature leachate are mostly degraded to smaller molecules from 105 Da to 103 Da in both EOD processes. Overall, BDD-EOD favors indirect oxidation and has a higher energy consumption efficiency than Pt-EOD induced by direct oxidation for simultaneous removal of organic and nitrogenous compounds. BDD-EOD requires a lower total operation cost around $2.33/m3 compared to Pt-EOD. It is concluded that hybrid BDD-EOD process is technically feasible as a powerful pre-treatment approach to mature landfill leachate for refractory organics degradation and nitrogenous nutrients recovery.</p