Effects of exercise modality combined with moderate hypoxia on blood glucose regulation in adults with overweight

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of moderate hypoxia with three different exercise modes on glucose regulation in healthy overweight adults.Methods: Thirteen overweight males (age: 31 ± 4 years; body fat 26.3 ± 3.2%) completed three exercise trials in a randomized crossover design involving 60 min cycling exercise at 90% lactate threshold (LOW), sprint interval training (20 × 4 s all-out; SIT) and lower limb functional bodyweight exercises (8 sets of 4 × 20 s; FEX) under moderate hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.5%). Post-exercise oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed following each trial. Heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES), and perceptual measures were recorded during each exercise session. Venous blood was collected pre-, immediately post-, and 24 h post-exercise and analysed for plasma glucose and insulin, incremental area under curve (iAUC), and circulating microRNA expression (c-miRs-486-5p, -126-5p, and -21-5p). Interstitial glucose concentrations were measured using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).Results: Post-exercise OGTT iAUC for plasma glucose and insulin concentration were lower in SIT and LOW vs. control (p < 0.05) while post-exercise interstitial glucose iAUC and c-miRs were not different between exercise modes. Heart rate was greater in SIT vs. LOW and FEX, and FEX vs. LOW (p < 0.05), SpO2 was lower in SIT, while PACES was not different between exercise modes. Perceptual measures were greater in SIT vs. LOW and FEX.Conclusion: Acute SIT and LOW under moderate hypoxia improved post-exercise plasma insulin compared to FEX exercises. Considering SIT was also time-efficient, well tolerated, and enjoyable for participants, this may be the preferred exercise modality for improving glucose regulation in adult males with overweight when combined with moderate hypoxia

Combined effects of exercise and different levels of acute hypoxic severity: A randomized crossover study on glucose regulation in adults with overweight

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of manipulating hypoxic severity with low-intensity exercise on glucose regulation in healthy overweight adults.Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 14 males with overweight (age: 27 ± 5 years; body mass index (BMI) 27.1 ± 1.8 kg⋅m2) completed three exercise trials involving 60 min aerobic exercise cycling at 90% lactate threshold in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.5%) and high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.8%). A post-exercise oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Venous blood samples were analyzed for incremental area under the curve (iAUC), plasma glucose and insulin, as well as exerkine concentrations (plasma apelin and fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF-21]) pre- and post-exercise. A 24-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to determine interstitial glucose concentrations. Heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and perceptual measures were recorded during exercise.Results: Post-exercise OGTT iAUC for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in MH vs. control (p = 0.02). Post-exercise interstitial glucose iAUC, plasma apelin and FGF-21 were not different between conditions. Heart rate was higher in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p < 0.001), while SpO2 was lower in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p < 0.001). Overall perceived discomfort and leg discomfort were higher in HH vs. NM and MH (p < 0.05), while perceived breathing difficulty was higher in HH vs. NM only (p = 0.003).Conclusion: Compared to higher hypoxic conditions, performing acute aerobic-based exercise under moderate hypoxia provided a more effective stimulus for improving post-exercise glucose regulation while concomitantly preventing excessive physiological and perceptual stress in healthy overweight adults

ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees

Ganoderma boninense is a major disease that infects oil palm trees. This problem has caught researchers’ attention all around the world, especially those from Asian countries as Ganoderma boninense is difficult to trace in its early stage. Undoubtedly, many researchers have lent a hand by suggesting ways to diagnose the disease through the introduction of many methods to detect symptoms related to the Ganoderma disease, including tomography, selective media, Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, these diagnostic techniques are less accurate, time-consuming and lead to cost increments. Therefore, another method to detect Ganoderma boninense at a faster, lower cost and higher accuracy was introduced which is through the use of electrochemical sensors. Initially, electrode modification was done by reducing graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Subsequently, the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) was electrodeposited on top of it using the electrodeposition method. Both modifiers were chosen as they have been acknowledged to have large surface areas to interact with analytes, and have great electroconductivity. In this study, this disposable modified SPCE was used as a sensing material in order to detect secondary metabolites acting as possible biomarkers for the Ganoderma boninense disease in healthy and infected leaves at the 14 and 30 day periods. It is because secondary metabolites are produced once oil palm trees are infected by Ganoderma boninense. The combination of physical and electrochemical characterisation of graphene oxide (GO) before and after reduction together with the deposition of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to reveal the successful modification of ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE. As a consequence, the electrochemical analysis presented a current increment in each modification higher than the bare SPCE due to electrocatalytic activity. Afterwards, the electrochemical signals from secondary metabolites were indicated from differential pulse voltammetry techniques (DPV) under optimum conditions. ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE established a good correlation coefficient (R²) of both healthy and infected oil palm after 14 days and 30 days (R² = 0.9691, R² = 0.9652, R² = 0.9905 and R² = 0.9710) with detection limits of 1.52 ppm, 1.58 ppm, 3.20 ppm and 3.02 ppm respectively. Consequently, the outstanding sensing performance of ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE in the detection of secondary metabolites can be applied to control the Ganoderms boninensense disease at the earlier stage before spreading out

Image1_Combined effects of exercise and different levels of acute hypoxic severity: A randomized crossover study on glucose regulation in adults with overweight.JPEG

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of manipulating hypoxic severity with low-intensity exercise on glucose regulation in healthy overweight adults.Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 14 males with overweight (age: 27 ± 5 years; body mass index (BMI) 27.1 ± 1.8 kg⋅m2) completed three exercise trials involving 60 min aerobic exercise cycling at 90% lactate threshold in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.5%) and high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.8%). A post-exercise oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Venous blood samples were analyzed for incremental area under the curve (iAUC), plasma glucose and insulin, as well as exerkine concentrations (plasma apelin and fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF-21]) pre- and post-exercise. A 24-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to determine interstitial glucose concentrations. Heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and perceptual measures were recorded during exercise.Results: Post-exercise OGTT iAUC for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in MH vs. control (p = 0.02). Post-exercise interstitial glucose iAUC, plasma apelin and FGF-21 were not different between conditions. Heart rate was higher in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p 2 was lower in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p Conclusion: Compared to higher hypoxic conditions, performing acute aerobic-based exercise under moderate hypoxia provided a more effective stimulus for improving post-exercise glucose regulation while concomitantly preventing excessive physiological and perceptual stress in healthy overweight adults.</p