AN EVALUATION ON THE REFLECTIONS OF SCHOOL GARDENS ON EDUCATION

This study aims to determine the physical conditions, cleanliness and order of the school gardens, the conditions of the garden walls and the security measures taken regarding the gardens, and to reveal the reflections of these features on education. This study, which also tries to reveal the satisfaction levels of students, parents, teachers and school administrators regarding school gardens, is qualitative research in the survey model. Research data were collected by natural/unstructured observation and semi-structured interview techniques. Content analysis technique was used in the analysis of the data. This study was conducted in six official primary schools at lower, middle and upper socio-economic levels, and interviews were conducted with 101 students, 35 parents, 22 teachers and 6 administrators in these schools. In the research, it was determined that the school gardens do not have the features to increase the physical activity of the students, there are insufficient and unplanned applications in the gardens, and the gardens do not contribute to educational activities. In addition, it has been determined that students, parents, teachers and administrators are not satisfied with the physical conditions, cleanliness and order of the school gardens, the condition of the garden walls and security measures.  Article visualizations

Social Responsibility of Hospitality Industry Enterprises

The main aim of this study is to determine the views of employees and managers working at the hospitality industry in Safranbolu towards the social responsibility of tourism enterprises, social responsibility activities carried out by the hotel enterprises, and their views on the advantages and contributions of social responsibility projects to the hotel business. This study will make contributions to the related literature on social responsibility at the hospitality industry by means of identifying the social responsibility activities of hotel enterprises, of which there is relatively limited number of studies.Within this context, a structured survey was conducted with 152 respondents including employees, managers and owners of the hotel enterprises through face to face interviews in order to determine the perceptions of employees towards social responsibility. SPSS 15 for Windows was used to analyze the data. The research has found that the employees working at hospitality industry in Safranbolu are sensitive to the social responsibilities and they act socially responsible in their activities. Additionally the results show that the respondents behave socially responsible towards guests, society and natural environment, but that they are less responsible towards the suppliers

Polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline composite nano/microfiber webs produced by different dopants and solvents

In the present study, the effects of different dopants such as camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) (70wt% in isopropanol), and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSANa(+)), and different solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) on the structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/polyaniline (PANI) composite nano/microfiber web produced by the electrospinning technique have been investigated and compared to each other. It has been observed that the nano/microfibers produced from NMP solvent generally had larger fiber diameters than the nano/microfibers produced from DMF, while the use of DBSANa(+) resulted in the formation of larger diameters in comparison to other dopants. The use of NMP as the solvent resulted in higher breaking stress values for the reference samples and the composite samples, which contained CSA-doped PANI while the samples that contained DBSA(iso) and DBSANa(+)-doped PANI showed lower breaking stress values when electrospun from NMP. While the solutions prepared using DBSANa(+) showed higher solution conductivities, the use of NMP as the solvent resulted in lower solution conductivity values. Higher conductivity values were obtained with CSA in NMP and with DBSA(iso) in DMF. The conductivity values of the composite nano/microfiber webs were around 10(-8) and 10(-9)S/cm, which is the range for antistatic materials instead of insulator materials as pure PAN

Polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline composite nanofiber webs with electrostatic discharge properties

In this study, composite nanofibers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyaniline (PANI) were successfully produced by electrospinning technique and the effects of different dopants such as camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSANa(+)), and different solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) on the properties of PAN/PANI composite nanofiber webs have been investigated. It has been observed that nanofibers produced from DMSO generally had larger fiber diameters and higher breaking strength than nanofibers produced from DMF. CSA could dope better than DBSA(iso) and DBSANa(+). CSA resulted in the highest conductivity when DMSO was used while it resulted in lower conductivity in DMF. The insulator PAN became a semiconductive material with the incorporation of CSA-doped PANI. The highest electrical conductivity obtained was 10(-6)S/cm which is in the range suitable for electrostatic discharge applications.In this study, composite nanofibers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyaniline (PANI) were successfully produced by electrospinning technique and the effects of different dopants such as camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSANa+), and different solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and&nbsp;N,N&prime;-dimethylformamide (DMF) on the properties of PAN/PANI composite nanofiber webs have been investigated. It has been observed that nanofibers produced from DMSO generally had larger fiber diameters and higher breaking strength than nanofibers produced from DMF. CSA could dope better than DBSA(iso) and DBSANa+. CSA resulted in the highest conductivity when DMSO was used while it resulted in lower conductivity in DMF. The insulator PAN became a semiconductive material with the incorporation of CSA-doped PANI. The highest electrical conductivity obtained was 10&minus;6&thinsp;S/cm which is in the range suitable for electrostatic discharge applications.</p

The effect of the dissolution process and the polyaniline content on the properties of polyacrylonitrile-polyaniline composite nanoweb

There are several studies regarding polyacrylonitrile composite nanofibers with polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and solved by N,N-dimethyl formamide which were mostly performed to analyze the thermal and morphological properties. In this study, camphor sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline and polyacrylonitrile composite nanofibers were electrospun from solutions in dimethylsulfoxide and the effect of polyaniline content and the application of different dissolution methods on the morphology, chemical structure, conductivity, crystallinity, mechanical, and thermal properties of nanowebs were investigated. Morphology, nanofiber diameters, chemical structure, crystallinity, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of the nanofibers were all affected by the polyaniline addition. Compared to the conductivity of neat polyacrylonitrile nanofibers, the conductivity of the composite nanofibers was improved, reaching a value higher than 10(-6)S/cm with 3wt% polyaniline content which was in the range for electrostatic discharge applications (10(-9) to 10(-6)S/cm). Increase in dissolution time and application of ultrasonic homogenization affected the diameter, mechanical properties, crystallinity, and thermal properties of the nanofibers, while they had negligible effects on conductivity

Synergistic effect of polyaniline, nanosilver, and carbon nanotube mixtures on the structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile composite nanofiber

In this study, various amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanosilver (AgNPs), and polyaniline (PANI) were incorporated at the same pot into the structure of composite polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, which were produced by electrospinning process in order to see synergistic effect of the additives on the final properties of the composite materials. Performance and characteristic properties of composite nanofibers were analyzed by tensile tester, electrical conductivity meter, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and antimicrobial activity test. Statistical analysis (analysis of variance) was performed to see whether the differences were statistically significant or not. It was seen that samples with AgNPs had higher breaking strength and electrical conductivity than the samples with CNTs. Generally, PANI improved the crystallinity of the composite material more than the nanoparticles (CNTs and AgNPs). Even though each of the nanoparticles was used in low concentrations, the composite materials (PAN-1CNT-1AgNO(3)-R and PAN-PANI-1AgNO(3)-R) gained antimicrobial properties due to the synergistic effect of additives. The results suggested that PAN composite nanofibers with 3wt% PANI and 1wt% AgNO3 generally presented better performance than the other samples in terms of electrical conductivity, antimicrobial activity, mechanical strength, crystallization, and thermal stability

Polyacrylonitrile-Polyaniline Composite Nanofiber Webs: Effects of Solvents, Redoping Process and Dispersion Technique

This study was carried out to examine the effect of different solvents (DMSO, NMP, DMF) and solvent mixtures, application of dispersion and mixing techniques during solution preparation and redoping process on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) doped polyaniline (PANT) composite nanofibers. It was observed that nanofibers produced from DMSO and NMP solvents had larger fiber diameters than nanofibers produced from DMF. When the crystallinity of the 100 % PAN nanofibers were compared, the nanofibers electrospun from DMSO had the lowest crystallinity values. The tensile breaking stress values of the nanowebs produced from DMSO and NMP were higher than nanowebs produced from DMF while the breaking elongation values of the nanowebs produced from DMF was higher. Mechanical dispersion technique resulted in higher tensile breaking stress values than corresponding magnetic stirring. The redoping process also affected the tensile properties of the nanowebs by increasing the breaking stress values and decreasing the breaking elongation values. When DMSO was used as a solvent for the production of composite nanofibers, the electrical conductivity values at around 10(-6) S/cm were obtained corresponding to the semiconductive material range. The use of solvent mixtures resulted in better conductivity values than their counterparts. When CSA-NMP and CSA-NMP/DMF were compared, the nanofibers produced from the solvent mixture had higher conductivity values. On redoping, the conductivity increased 10 times and reached 1.2x10(-5) S/cm. The reference samples with DMSO had the lowest cyclization temperature and enthalpy. Addition of PANT increased the thermal stability of the composite nanofibers in comparison with pure PAN.&nbsp;This study was carried out to examine the effect of different solvents (DMSO, NMP, DMF) and solvent mixtures, application of dispersion and mixing techniques during solution preparation and redoping process on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) doped polyaniline (PANI) composite nanofibers. It was observed that nanofibers produced from DMSO and NMP solvents had larger fiber diameters than nanofibers produced from DMF. When the crystallinity of the 100 % PAN nanofibers were compared, the nanofibers electrospun from DMSO had the lowest crystallinity values. The tensile breaking stress values of the nanowebs produced from DMSO and NMP were higher than nanowebs produced from DMF while the breaking elongation values of the nanowebs produced from DMF was higher. Mechanical dispersion technique resulted in higher tensile breaking stress values than corresponding magnetic stirring. The redoping process also affected the tensile properties of the nanowebs by increasing the breaking stress values and decreasing the breaking elongation values. When DMSO was used as a solvent for the production of composite nanofibers, the electrical conductivity values at around 10-6 S/cm were obtained corresponding to the semiconductive material range. The use of solvent mixtures resulted in better conductivity values than their counterparts. When CSA-NMP and CSA-NMP/DMF were compared, the nanofibers produced from the solvent mixture had higher conductivity values. On redoping, the conductivity increased 10 times and reached 1.2&times;10-5 S/cm. The reference samples with DMSO had the lowest cyclization temperature and enthalpy. Addition of PANI increased the thermal stability of the composite nanofibers in comparison with pure PAN.</p

THE EFFECT OF POLYANILINE AND AMINE FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES ON THE PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE NANOFIBER WEB

Conductive polymers such as PANI and conductive nanoparticles such as CNTs have very important effects on the polymer matrix. Although there are many studies carried out for just only PANI filler or carried out for just only CNT filler, there are no studies performed to see the synergistic effects of both PANI and functionalized CNTs on polymer matrix. Thus in this study, for the first time, PANI together with CNTs has been used as a filler for polymer matrix, polyacrylonitrile. It has been seen that the diameters of nanofibers increase due to presence of PANI and CNTs and the effect of PANI on the increase in diameter is higher than that of CNTs. An increase in filler content results in an increase in agglomeration risk which degrades the properties of composite nanofiber web. However, higher breaking strength is obtained for the composite nanofiber with 1% CNT and 3% PANI. Insulator PAN became an antistatic material (static dissipative material) by the presence of CNT and PANI. However, an increase in filler content did not increase the electrical conductivity. This may be due to the agglomeration and void formation around the filler which destroy the network leading to the decrease in conductivity. Presence of PANI and CNT increases the crystallinity of PAN. The crystallinity of composite nanofiber with both of CNT and PANI is higher than that of pure PAN nanofiber, nanofiber with PAN, CNT and nanofiber with PAN, PANI. PANI increases the cyclization temperature and decreases the enthalpy; however CNT has a tendency to increase both the cyclization temperature and the enthalpy. When both of them (CNT and PANI) are present in high amount (3%), then both cyclization temperature and enthalpy decrease

The effect of dispersion technique, silver particle loading, and reduction method on the properties of polyacrylonitrile-silver composite nanofiber

The effect of dispersion technique, reduction method, and the amount of silver nanoparticles on the properties of composite polyacrylonitrile nanofiber containing silver nanoparticles is analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, electrical conductivity, tensile testing, X-ray diffraction, and antimicrobial efficiency measurements