Raman Spectroscopy for Edible Oil Authentication: A Review

There have been many prior studies on oil authentication, especially edible oils owing to the need for genuine edible oils on the market and consumers. Therefore, analytical approaches have been one of the detection and identification methods for adulteration of edible oils. The authentication of edible oils using Raman spectroscopy is a common vibrational spectroscopies analysis technique. Raman spectroscopy has shown some advantages such as rapid, non-invasive analysis and no sample pre-treatment providing ease to research. Hence, the purpose of this paper was to discuss the previous studies on edible oil authentication using an analytical approach, particularly Raman spectroscopy and its applications that have been used for oil authentication analysis. Edible oil authentication and adulteration are important to differentiate genuine edible oil from fake ones and to prevent fraud. This paper also discussed on analysis of qualitative and quantitative edible oils authentication, along with the cases of adulteration analysis in edible oils such as the determination of foreign contents in edible oils, quality analysis of genuine edible oils, identification of various types of vegetable oils, adulterated oils in food products and characterization of waste cooking oils

Analysis of gelatin adulteration in edible bird's nest using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

Fraudulent incorporation of cheaper materials such as porcine gelatin into edible bird’s nest (EBN) can evolve into a problem for reasons related to religious, allergy, ethical, and legal requirement. Thus, this study aimed to detect porcine gelatin in the processed EBNs by using a combination method of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and chemometrics analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The use of FTIR spectroscopy in food analysis is becomes more attractive because of its cost-effective nature, nondestructive measurements as well as convenience for screening purposes. This method has been established to be useful for adulteration detection and quantification in various food products. However, its application as a sole method is often not reliable as some transitions of the spectrums are very complex or weak, making evaluation difficult. Thus, in this study FTIR data were further analysed with the chemometrics analysis. By considering all the data obtained, chemometrics makes better results feasible. Porcine gelatin exhibited a dominant band at Amide I indicating the adulteration of EBNs with porcine gelatin. The FTIR spectra were analysed using PCA in order to identify the adulteration percentage in the samples. In the assessment of the spiked samples, this method could detect at the minimum of 5% of porcine gelatin in EBNs. This method would be advantageous for ensuring quality of the EBN products in the market

Analysis of gelatin adulteration in edible bird’s nest using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

Fraudulent incorporation of cheaper materials such as porcine gelatin into edible bird’s nest (EBN) can become a problem for reasons related to religious, allergy, ethical, and legal requirement. Thus, the present study aimed to detect porcine gelatin in the processed EBNs by using a combination method of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and chemometrics analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In the evaluation of the spiked samples, this method was able to detect at least 5% of porcine gelatin in EBNs. This method would be advantageous for quality control in the EBN industry

Differentiation of bovine and porcine gelatins in processed products via sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques

Gelatin is widely used in food and pharmaceutical products. However, the addition of gelatin especially in food products becomes a controversial issue among Muslims due to its animal origin. Thus, the present study was aimed to detect and differentiate the origin of gelatin added in processed foods using a combination method of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Porcine gelatin had exhibited 11 prominent polypeptides compared to bovine gelatin with 2 prominent polypeptides. Polypeptides of both gelatin sources at molecular weight ranged from 53 to 220 kDa can be used to differentiate between porcine and bovine gelatins using PCA. The efficiency in extracting gelatin from processed foods by different solutions was also evaluated. Extraction of gelatin in processed foods by cold acetone and deionised water had exhibited a similar polypeptide patterns, suggesting both solutions are suitable. The study indicated that approach of a simple gelatin extraction combined with SDS-PAGE and PCA, may provide robust information for gelatin species differentiation of processed foods

Current issues in aquaculture: lessons from Malaysia

Aquaculture in Malaysia has become a top 15 of global producers with 521,000 tonnes of total aquaculture production. As a world producer, it is crucial to learn the foundation and current challenges encountered by the sector. This paper address six major issues and challenges of the aquaculture sector in Malaysia specifically issues of fish stock depletion, climate changes, current diseases, media influences in the sector, non-compliance feeding practiced and poor interaction between stakeholders. The methodology involves searching the divergent trusted database and related information using a most popular search engine that covers selected journals including resources from fisheries authorities: Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Food, and Agriculture Organization of The United Nation and WorldFish Center. A combination of this findings, newest technology application will be suggested as accurate and timely information on managing aquaculture systems

Overview of edible bird's nests and their contemporary issues

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a traditional Chinese cuisine that attracts numerous attentions at the local point of view extending to worldwide level. Huge demand from EBN enables it to secure name labels among different types of other foodstuffs, which were found to be rich with carbohydrate, protein and amino acid. Today, EBN has been used as ingredients in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Malaysia is the world's third largest supplier of EBN after Thailand and Indonesia. Therefore, the government included certain initiatives in order to comply with several laws and standards as fundamental guidelines. Currently, contemporary EBN issues are becoming a pandemic in this industry and create chaos for consumers and operators. The issues include adulterations, banning, integrity of halal and haram, allergic reactions and heavy metal intoxication. The researchers identified several approaches in order to detect and authenticate EBN using advanced technologies and high-end instrumentations. The approaches were improved by certain chemometric analysis, which produces convincing and reliable data. Current situation and future views of EBN are also discussed in the study

GELATIN IN HALAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

Concomitantly, with the increase of the Muslim population in the world, halal awareness has been on the rise. A lot of halalindustries have emerged nowadays, and among them are halal pharmaceuticals. However, with the advancement of technology, gelatin-based products have been widely developed and are being used in the pharmaceutical industry. Its halal status can thus be questionable (mashbooh). This paper aims to study the Islamic perspective on gelatin-based products in pharmaceuticals. The study uses a qualitative method which involves literature review from al-Quran, as-Sunnah, articles in journals, and other references from the internet that can be trusted as credible data sources. In addition, the methodology of this study includes researching the istihalah method and fatwa in Malaysia to determine the halal status of gelatin in pharmaceutical products. This paper also focuses on the Malaysian Standard of Halal Pharmaceuticals-General Requirements (MS 2424:2019) and the Malaysian Halal Certification Procedure Manual- Domestic 2020 (MPPHM 2020). The findings of this study show that gelatin mostly originate from animal sources. Therefore, its halal status can be questionable even if it comes from permitted animals such as cows or chickens. This is because the animals are only considered halal if they are slaughtered according to the precepts of Islamic law. In order to address such religious concerns, there have been a lot of research on the alternatives to animal gelatin such as from marine sources and plant-based sources. From the Islamic perspective, the use of gelatin from marine sources and animals that have been slaughtered according to Islamic rules is halal. However, gelatin which are sourced from pork and its derivatives are still haram after going the process of istihalah because its chemical substances remain the same and unchanged even after istihalah. Nevertheless, during an emergency, it may be permissible to consume medication containing pork gelatin if there is no replacement or alternative for pork gelatin even if it is from haram sources

Determination of porcine gelatin in edible bird's nest by competitive indirect ELISA based on anti-peptide polyclonal antibody

Competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for rapid detection of porcine gelatin in edible bird's nest (EBN). Three ELISAs were developed by using polyclonal rabbit antibodies against porcine species-specific amino acid sequences of collagen α2 (I) chain (pAb1 and pAb2) and α1 (I) chain (pAb3). The limit of detection (IC15) of the three ELISAs was 0.033, 0.082 and 0.052 μg/mL respectively. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of pAb1, pAb2 and pAb3 was 0.265, 0.394 and 0.228 μg/mL respectively, as well as able to recognise porcine and bovine gelatins. pAb1 showed slight cross-reactivity with cave nest and egg white, while pAb2 exhibited slight cross-reactivity with blood cave nest and egg white. No cross-reactivity was observed with EBNs and egg white for pAb3. The recoveries of porcine gelatin spiked EBNs were in the range of 62.8–125.4% with intra- and inter-day coefficient of variants (CVs) of 2.9–5.4% and 4.7–9.6% respectively when using pAb3. Taking into account all abovementioned factors, pAb3 appeared sufficient for EBN authentication

Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of porcine gelatine in edible bird's nests

Porcine gelatine is a common adulterant found in edible bird’s nests (EBNs) used to increase the net weight prior to sale. This study aimed to develop indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for porcine gelatine adulteration using anti-peptide polyclonal antibodies. Three indirect ELISAs were developed (PAB1, 2 and 3), which had limits of detection (LODs) of 0.12, 0.10 and 0.11 µg g–1, respectively. When applied to standard solutions of porcine gelatine, the inter- and intra-assays showed coefficients of variation (CVs) less than 20% and were able to detect at least 0.5 ng µg–1 (0.05%) porcine gelatine in spiked samples. The proposed ELISA offers attractions for quality control in the EBN industry

Recent advanced techniques in cysteine determination: a review

The utilization of cysteine in a wide variety of products especially bakery products has led to a huge concern of various groups of consumers especially those who restricted to religious-based dietary. It has become a major concern due to the raw materials are derived from arguable sources such as pig bristles and human hair. This review briefly elaborates cysteine as food additives with highlighted issues in halal perspective and toxicity in the food industry. This review also highlighted several analytical approaches used in direct determination of cysteine compound such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), Raman spectroscopy, flow injection spectrophotometric, electrochemical biosensor and gold nanoparticles based calorimetric assa