Melaminivora

Melaminivora [Me.la.mi.ni.vo'ra. N.L. neut. n. melaminum melamine; L. v. voro to eat, to devour; N.L. fem. n. Melaminivora melamine eating]. Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Melaminivora Rods 2.0–3.5‐μm long and 0.5–0.9‐μm wide. Motile by a single unipolar flagellum. Gram‐negative. Nonsporulating. Aerobe. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Mesophilic, with the ability to grow between 15 and 50°C, pH 6–9.5, and at NaCl concentrations up to 7%. Chemoorganotroph. Catalase‐ and cytochrome c oxidase‐positive. The respiratory quinone is ubiquinone 8. The major fatty acids are summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/iso‐C15:0 2‐OH), C16:0, and C18:1 ω7c. C10:0 3‐OH is also present. Predominant polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. DNA G + C content (mol%): 69.5–69.6 (HPLC). Type species: Melaminivora alkalimesophila Wang et al. 2014bVP.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Alicycliphilus

Alicycliphilus (A.li.cy.cli'phi.lus. Gr. neut. n. aleiphar annointing oil; Gr. masc. n. kyklos circle or ring; Gr. masc. n. philos friend; N.L. masc. n. Alicyciphilus alicyclic compound liking, referring to the substrates used for the isolation of this organism). Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Alicycliphilus. Short rods, 1–2 μm long and 0.6 μm wide. Motile. Gram‐negative. Nonsporulating. Facultative anaerobe. Nitrate is reduced to N2. Mesophilic, with optimal growth at 28–30°C and pH 7.2–7.4 under aerobic or anoxic conditions. Chemoorganotroph, with strictly respiratory metabolism. Degrade aromatic and alicyclic compounds. Catalase‐ and cytochrome c oxidase‐positive. The respiratory quinone is ubiquinone 8, and major fatty acids are C16:1 ω7c, C16:0, and C18:1 ω7c. Major polar lipids are hosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The type strain of the type species was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant, cultivated with cyclohexanol as sole carbon source and nitrate as electron acceptor. DNA G + C content (mol%): 66 (HPLC) or 67.9 (genome analysis, GenBank). Type species: Alicycliphilus denitrificans Mechichi et al. 2003VP.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Hydrogenophilus

Hy.dro.ge.ni'phi.lus. Gr. neut. n. hydor water; Gr. v. genein to produce; N.L. neut. n. hydrogenum hydrogen (that which produces water); Gr. masc. adj. philos loving, friendly to; N.L. masc. n. Hydrogenophilus hydrogen lover.Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Hydrogenophilales / Hydrogenophilaceae / Hydrogenophilus Straight rods, 0.4–0.8 × 1.0–3.0 µm during exponential growth. Occur singly or in pairs (in Hydrogenophilus islandicus and Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus). Motile or nonmotile. Gram‐negative. Nonsporulating. Aerobic or microaerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, with oxygen or nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. Colonies are yellow or grayish. Thermophilic; two species grow optimally at 50–55°C, and another at 63°C. Facultatively chemolithoautotrophic; can use H2 as an electron donor and CO2 as a carbon source. CO2 is fixed via the Calvin–Benson cycle. Acetate, pyruvate, dl‐lactate, and dl‐malate can be used as electron donors and carbon sources. Ammonium can be used as a nitrogen source. The major quinone system is ubiquinone 8. Isolated from hot springs and surrounding soil.DNA G + C content (mol%): 61–65. Type species: Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus Hayashi, Ishida, Yokota, Kodama and Igarashi 1999, 785VP.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Schlegelella

Schle.gel.el'la. L. fem. dim. ending ‐ella; N.L. fem. n. Schlegelella named in honor of H. G. Schlegel, a pioneer in PHA research. Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / SchlegelellaShort rods 0.8–2.8 μm long and 0.4–0.6 μm wide. Motile. Gram‐negative. Nonsporulating. Aerobe. Moderately thermophilic or mesophilic, with optimal growth occurring at 45–50°C or 30–37°C, respectively. Chemoorganotroph. Accumulates polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Catalase and cytochrome c oxidase variable. The major fatty acids are C16:0 and cyclo‐C17:0 or C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c, depending on the species. The type species is Schlegelella thermodepolymerans. Schlegelella aquatica and Schlegelella brevitalea are two other species with validly published names. DNA G + C content (mol%): 69.2–70.0 (HPLC) or 67.5–70.3 (genome analysis, GenBank). Type species: Schlegelella thermodepolymerans Elbanna et al. 2003VP.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance in water habitats: searching the links with the human microbiome

Water is one of the most important bacterial habitats on Earth. As such, water represents also a major way of dissemination of bacteria between different environmental compartments. Human activities led to the creation of the so-called urban water cycle, comprising different sectors (waste, surface, drinking water), among which bacteria can hypothetically be exchanged. Therefore, bacteria can be mobilized between unclean water habitats (e.g. wastewater) and clean or pristine water environments (e.g. disinfected and spring drinking water) and eventually reach humans. In addition, bacteria can also transfer mobile genetic elements between different water types, other environments (e.g. soil) and humans. These processes may involve antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. In this review, the hypothesis that some bacteria may share different water compartments and be also hosted by humans is discussed based on the comparison of the bacterial diversity in different types of water and with the human-associated microbiome. The role of such bacteria as potential disseminators of antibiotic resistance and the inference that currently only a small fraction of the clinically relevant antibiotic resistome may be known is discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Culture-dependent and culture-independent diversity surveys target different bacteria: a case study in a freshwater sample

Compared with culture-independent approaches, traditionally used culture-dependent methods have a limited capacity to characterizewatermicrobiota. Nevertheless, for almost a century the latter have been optimized to detect and quantify relevant bacteria. A pertinent question is if culture-independent diversity surveys give merely an extended perspective of the bacterial diversity or if, even with a higher coverage, focus on a different set of organisms. We compared the diversity and phylogeny of bacteria in a freshwater sample recovered by currently used culture-dependent and culture-independent methods (DGGE and 454 pyrosequencing). The culture-dependent diversity survey presented lower coverage than the other methods. However, it allowed bacterial identifications to the species level, in contrast with the other procedures that rarely produced identifications below the order. Although the predominant bacterial phyla detected by both approaches were the same (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes), sequence similarity analysis showed that, in general, different operational taxonomical units were targeted by each method. The observation that culture-dependent and independent approaches target different organisms has implications for the use of the latter for studies in which taxonomic identification has a predictive value. In comparison to DGGE, 454 pyrosequencing method had a higher capacity to explore the bacterial richness and to detect cultured organisms, being also less laborious.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Aminoglycoside resistance in ralstonia pickettii

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Gulbenkiania mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from treated municipal wastewater

A bacterial strain (E4FC31T) isolated from treated municipal wastewater was characterized phenotypically and phylogenetically. Cells were Gram-negative, curved rods with a polar flagellum. The isolate was catalase-, oxidase- and arginine dihydrolase-positive, and able to grow between 15 and 45 6C and between pH 5.5 and 9.0. The predominant fatty acids were C16 : 1/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and C16 : 0, the major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8 and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain E4FC31T belonged to the class Betaproteobacteria and was a member of the family Neisseriaceae. Its closest phylogenetic neighbours were Aquitalea magnusonii and Chromobacterium violaceum (<94% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characteristics of strain E4FC31T suggest that it represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Gulbenkiania mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Gulbenkiania mobilis is E4FC31T (=DSM 18507T=LMG 23770T)

Pseudosphingobacterium domesticum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from home-made compost

A bacterial strain, DC-186T, isolated from home-made compost, was characterized for its phenotypic and phylogenetic properties. The isolate was a Gram-negative rod that was able to grow at 15–36 6C and pH 5.5–8.0. Strain DC-186T was positive in tests for catalase, oxidase and b-galactosidase activities and aesculin hydrolysis. The predominant fatty acids were the summed feature C16 : 1/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (42 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (26 %), the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 42 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and phenetic characterization indicated that this organism belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and revealed its affiliation to the family Sphingobacteriaceae. Of recognized taxa, strain DC-186T was most closely related to Sphingobacterium daejeonense (90% sequence similarity) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other recognized taxa and the identification of distinctive phenetic features for this isolate support the definition of a new genus within the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The name Pseudosphingobacterium domesticum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with strain DC-186T (=CCUG 54353T=LMG 23837T) as the type strain

Diversity of bacterial isolates from commercial and homemade composts

The diversity of heterotrophic bacterial isolates of three commercial and two homemade composts was studied. The commercial composts were produced from poultry litter (PC), sewage sludge (SC), municipal solid waste (MC), and homemade composts (thermal compost [DC] and vermicompost [VC]) from food wastes. The taxonomic and physiological diversity of the heterotrophic culturable bacteria was assessed using phenotypic and genotypic characterization and the analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence. Composts DC and SC presented the higher genotypic diversity, as could be inferred from the number of distinct genotypic patterns observed, 28 and 21, respectively. Gram-positive bacteria, mainly Firmicutes, were predominant in all the composts. Some organisms related with taxa rarely reported in composts, as Rhodanobacter spathiphylli, Moraxella osloensis, Lysobacter, Corynebacterium, Pigmentiphaga kullae, and new taxa were also isolated. The highest relative proportion of isolates able to degrade starch was found in compost SC (>70%), to degrade gelatine in compost DC (>70%), to degrade Tween 80 in compost PC (>90%), and to degrade poly-epsilon-caprolactones in compost DC (>80%). Compost MC presented the lowest relative proportions of isolates able to degrade starch (<25%), gelatine (<20%), and poly-epsilon-caprolactone (<40%). When compared with the others, the homemade composts presented higher relative proportions of Gram-positive isolates able to inhibit the target organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In compost MC, none of the Gram-positive isolates was able to inhibit those targets