NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Avaliação dos fatores oficiais de correção da produção até o primeiro controle leiteiro em vacas Holandesas Evaluation of correction factors used to estimate milk production from calving to the first monthly control

Para o cálculo oficial do desempenho de vacas Holandesas no Brasil, com base em controles leiteiros mensais, são utilizados os fatores de correção propostos por Everett & Carter (1968) para estimar a produção parcial do parto ao primeiro controle diário de uma dada lactação. A adequacidade destes fatores foi avaliada em 262 lactações oriundas de dois rebanhos que adotavam controle diário da produção de leite por vaca. Os dados foram divididos em classes com base na idade ao parto (CIP): CIP 1 (até 3 anos), CIP 2 (3,1 a 4 anos), CIP 3 (4,1 a 5 anos), CIP 4 (5,1 a 6 anos) e CIP 5 (acima de 6,1 anos) com 104, 56, 44, 18 e 40 lactações, respectivamente. A produção de leite do parto até um dia pré-definido da lactação foi estimada com os fatores oficiais e assumindo que o primeiro controle da produção naquela lactação ocorreu nos dias 6º, 20º, 34º, 48º, 62º ou 75º. Os dados estimados foram comparados aos dados reais calculados com a pesagem diária do leite. Em todas as CIP, os fatores oficiais superestimaram a produção acumulada até o primeiro controle e o erro relativo de superestimação decresceu com o avançar do dia do primeiro controle. A quantidade superestimada de leite no período aumentou com o avançar do dia do primeiro controle e foi 13,9 e 87,1 kg na CIP 1 e 20,6 e 196,3 kg na CIP 2 para os dias 6º e 75º, respectivamente. As CIPs 3, 4 e 5 apresentaram valores intermediários. Novos fatores para dias do primeiro controle variando de 6 a 75 e nas 5 CIPs foram gerados pela mesma metodologia descrita por Everett & Carter (1968). Os fatores gerados foram menores que os importados e rotineiramente utilizados para cálculo oficial de lactações no Brasil.<br>Official Holstein cow performance data in Brazil, based on monthly milk weights, is calculated using the correction factors proposed by Everett & Carter (1968) to estimate the partial production from calving to the first daily control in a given lactation. The adequacy of these factors was evaluated using 262 lactations from two herds with daily control of milk production per cow. Data were divided into classes based on age at calving (CIP): CIP 1 (up to 3 years), CIP 2 (3.1 to 4 years), CIP 3 (4.1 to 5 years), CIP 4 (5.1 to 6 years) and CIP 5 (above 6.1 years) which included 104, 56, 44, 18 and 40 lactations, respectively. Milk yield from calving to a set day of lactation was estimated with the official factors and assuming that the first control of production of that given lactation occurred on days 6th, 20th, 34th, 48th, 62nd or 75th. Estimated data was compared with real data calculated from daily milk weights. For all CIPs, official factors overestimated the production from calving to first control and the relative overestimation error decreased with advance in the first control day. The overestimated amount of milk in that period increased with advance in the first control day and was 13.9 and 87.1 kg in CIP 1 and 20.6 and 196.3 kg in CIP 2 for days 6th and 75th, respectively. CIPs 3, 4, and 5 had intermediate values. New factors for first control days ranging from 6 to 75 and in all 5 CIPs were generated using the same methodology described by Everett & Carter (1968). The generated factors were smaller than the ones imported and routinely used to calculate official lactation records in Brazil