Drug Abuse and Trafficking in Universities: An Emerging Social Phenomenon

According to Nova’s Policy for Self-Archiving, self-archiving of proofed chapters can be posted on the author’s website free of charge six months after publication. For Subject and Institutional Repositories, proofed chapters can be uploaded 12 months after publication. For more information, please see: https://novapublishers.com/open-access/Higher education is the environment in which the future senior managers that will guide the forthcoming of societies are wrought. Therefore, and in social terms, everything that people learn and develop in these higher education institutions has a crucial and a determinant impact. Young people acquiring skills and knowledge related to the technical and scientific fields in which they work in also end up acquiring competencies and knowledge in non-academic fields, such as anti-social behaviour or even criminal conducts. This is the case of drug use in a university context, which has been so studied in recent decades, and of drug trafficking in a university environment, widely known to all, but still little investigated in scientific terms. Therefore, and taking into consideration that universities play a social role that has a strong impact on the lives of young people and societies, this chapter is precisely dedicated to the phenomena of drug trafficking, and its use/abuse in universities. It is a serious social problem in which young students not only consume illegal drugs, but also frequently take an active part in illicit activities associated with drug trafficking, often compromising their future and causing undeniable social damage. It should be noted that the university context is a privileged target for the powerful individuals who manipulate these illegal drugs markets. It is therefore very important to pay attention and study this social problem of serious consequences. In this chapter, a comprehensive literature review and results of a study about drug trafficking and abuse in university context will be presented, in order to better understand the nature of this problem. Final considerations regarding the prevention/intervention on these phenomena are also presented.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Drug abuse and trafficking in universities: an emerging social phenomenon

According to Nova’s Policy for Self-Archiving, self-archiving of proofed chapters can be posted on the author’s website free of charge six months after publication. For Subject and Institutional Repositories, proofed chapters can be uploaded 12 months after publication. For more information, please see: https://novapublishers.com/open-access/Higher education is the environment in which the future senior managers that will guide the forthcoming of societies are wrought. Therefore, and in social terms, everything that people learn and develop in these higher education institutions has a crucial and a determinant impact. Young people acquiring skills and knowledge related to the technical and scientific fields in which they work in also end up acquiring competencies and knowledge in non-academic fields, such as anti-social behaviour or even criminal conducts. This is the case of drug use in a university context, which has been so studied in recent decades, and of drug trafficking in a university environment, widely known to all, but still little investigated in scientific terms. Therefore, and taking into consideration that universities play a social role that has a strong impact on the lives of young people and societies, this chapter is precisely dedicated to the phenomena of drug trafficking, and its use/abuse in universities. It is a serious social problem in which young students not only consume illegal drugs, but also frequently take an active part in illicit activities associated with drug trafficking, often compromising their future and causing undeniable social damage. It should be noted that the university context is a privileged target for the powerful individuals who manipulate these illegal drugs markets. It is therefore very important to pay attention and study this social problem of serious consequences. In this chapter, a comprehensive literature review and results of a study about drug trafficking and abuse in university context will be presented, in order to better understand the nature of this problem. Final considerations regarding the prevention/intervention on these phenomena are also presented.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Risk Factors for Bleeding After Gastric Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Postprocedural bleeding (PPB) is the most common adverse event associated with endoscopic resection. Several studies have tried to identify risk factors for PPB after gastric EMR and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), with controversial results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify significant risk factors for PPB after gastric EMR and ESD. METHODS: Three online databases were searched. Pooled odds ratio (OR) was computed for each risk factor using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and I(2). RESULTS: Seventy-four articles were included. Pooled PPB rate was 5.1% (95% confidence interval, 4.5%-5.7%), which did not vary according to different study designs. Male sex (OR, 1.25), cardiopathy (OR, 1.54), antithrombotic drugs (OR, 1.63), cirrhosis (OR, 1.76), chronic kidney disease (OR, 3.38), tumor size > 20 mm (OR, 2.70), resected specimen size > 30 mm (OR, 2.85), localization in the lesser curvature (OR, 1.74), flat/depressed morphology (OR, 1.43), carcinoma histology (OR, 1.46), and ulceration (OR, 1.64) were identified as significant risk factors for PPB, whereas age, hypertension, submucosal invasion, fibrosis, and localization (upper, middle, or lower third) were not. Procedure duration > 60 minutes (OR, 2.05) and the use of histamine-2 receptor antagonists instead of proton pump inhibitors (OR, 2.13) were the procedural factors associated with PPB, whereas endoscopist experience and preprocedural proton pump inhibitors were not. Second-look endoscopy was not associated with decreased PPB (OR, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, .85-2.12). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for PPB were identified that can help to guide management after gastric ESD, namely adjusting further management. Second-look endoscopy is not associated with decreased PPB.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Early Gastric Cancer Using the Insulated Tip Knife

AbstractEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an endoscopic technique in which a gastrointestinal mucosal neoplasm can be excised by cutting through the submucosa with an endoscopic knife. It can be used with diagnostic or therapeutic intent and allows en bloc removal of the specimen. ESD usually begins with identification and evaluation of the lesion and assessment of the margin with chromo-endoscopy. The subsequent steps include marking, submucosal injection, and circumferential and submucosal dissection. Complications should be promptly recognized and dealt with immediately if necessary.This video demonstrates the main steps of the technique and management of complications. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia

Youth victims of community violence: developmental outcomes and prevention challenges

This work was financed by National Funds through FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology) under the project LookCrim - Looking at Crime: Communities and Physical Spaces - PTDC/DIR-DCP/28120/2017 and within the framework of the CIEC (Research Center for Child Studies of the University of Minho) project under the reference UID/CED/00317/2019.Community violence (CV) is recognized as a complex problem, with multiple origins and expressed in variable ways, encompassing different types of violence and crimes (e.g., assault, rape, robbery), as a result of circumstances that are related to the characteristics of the environment. Due to socialization and independence processes that are part of youth developmental pathways, young people tend to spend more time away from home and on the street, becoming more exposed to violence and thus also contributing to repeated victimization processes. Different studies have shown that distinct situations may promote numerous victimization processes, with a particular impact on the developmental outcomes of youth and causing great suffering. It has been reported that exposure to violence in the community is associated with mental health issues, i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, poor academic performance, aggressive and antisocial behaviours, alcohol and substance abuse, along with multiple adverse health risk behaviours, suicidal ideation, and also resulting in subsequent homelessness in adulthood. With this review chapter, it is intended to analyse and discuss the impact that CV exposure has on youth, accompanied with practical proposals to prevent it. The concept of CV and the different types of violence and crimes that could be involved are examined, mapping the prevalence of youth affected by this form of violence, analysing the effects of exposure to CV, and concluding with initiatives aimed to contribute to the prevention against this sort of violence, and to minimize the consequences and suffering involved.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

School personnel perception of parental involvement and students’ behavior problems: practical implications

School is a privileged context to prevent specific behavior problems. Parental involvement in school activities is crucial to promote social functioning. This study aimed to access the Portuguese school personnel perception of parental involvement and students’ behavior problems. A study with 333 school personnel, aged between 29 and 66 (M = 50.84, SD = 7.54), was developed. School personnel’s participants rated parental involvement as low and nearly one in five professionals rated student’s general behavior as bad. A significant association between parental involvement and the perception of students’ general behavior was found. 80% of the professionals rating student’s general behavior as bad also rating parental involvement as poor. Additional research into implications of parental involvement in school activities and school students’ behavior problems is necessary aiming assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies in this area.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Modeling Fine-Scale Cetaceans’ Distributions in Oceanic Islands : Madeira Archipelago as a Case Study

Species distributional estimates are an essential tool to improve and implement effective conservation and management measures. Nevertheless, obtaining accurate distributional estimates remains a challenge in many cases, especially when looking at the marine environment, mainly due to the species mobility and habitat dynamism. Ecosystems surrounding oceanic islands are highly dynamic and constitute a key actor on pelagic habitats, congregating biodiversity in their vicinity. The main objective of this study was to obtain accurate fine-scale spatio-temporal distributional estimates of cetaceans in oceanic islands, such as the Madeira archipelago, using a long-term opportunistically collected dataset. Ecological Niche Models (ENM) were built using cetacean occurrence data collected on-board commercial whale watching activities and environmental data from 2003 to 2018 for 10 species with a diverse range of habitat associations. Models were built using two different datasets of environmental variables with different temporal and spatial resolutions for comparison purposes. State-of-the-art techniques were used to iterate, build and evaluate the MAXENT models constructed. Models built using the long-term opportunistic dataset successfully described distribution patterns throughout the study area for the species considered. Final models were used to produce spatial grids of species average and standard deviation suitability monthly estimates. Results provide the first fine-scale (both in the temporal and spatial dimension) cetacean distributional estimates for the Madeira archipelago and reveal seasonal/annual distributional patterns, thus providing novel insights on species ecology and quantitative data to implement better dynamic management actions.This study was supported by: (i) INTERTAGUA, MAC2/1.1.a/385 funded by MAC INTERREG 2014-2020, (ii) Oceanic Observatory of Madeira throughout the project M142001-0145-FEDER-000001-OOM, and (iii) Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2020 granted to MARE UI&I. AD and FA have grants funded by ARDITI-Madeira's Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation, throughout the project M1420-09-5369-FSE000002. RF was partially supported by a FCT doctoral grant (SFRH/BD/147225/2019).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Transient neonatal hyperthyroidism

Graves’ disease is the main cause of hyperthyroidism in women of childbearing age. It occurs by the presence of serum immunoglobulins which stimulate the thyrotropin receptor (TRAbs) and may cross the placenta. It has serious consequences when uncontrolled, leading to fetal and/or neonatal hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The authors describe the case of a newborn from a mother with poorly controlled Graves’ disease during pregnancy. He had an uneventful early neonatal period but developed hyperthyroidism in the second week of life. He was treated for two days with propranolol to manage tachycardia and metimazol during 4 months, with favourable clinical and laboratory outcome. During pregnancy, it is essential to control thyroid function and TRAbs in women with Graves’ disease. Newborns should be screened for thyroid function at birth and must have a regular follow up as it allows the diagnosis of transient hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism and its early treatment, avoiding short and long term complications. Based on this case and literature review, the authors present a proposal of protocol in infants born to mothers with Graves’ disease